1893. RESEARCHES ON INSECT ANATOMY. 11g 
numerous than in the butterfly or moth. Also an arrangement of 
parallel or forked nervures in the pupa becomes in the imago 
a neuration with transverse branches forming ‘ cells.” Spuler 
divides the insect-wing into two regions, a smaller “ folding part,” 
comprising two or three nervures near the inner margin, and a 
larger ‘‘ spreading-part,” comprising the rest of the wing-area. 
Ina later paper (7) he applies these results to a special group, 
the Papilionide. The genus Thais is believed to represent the 
ancestral form of the family whence the Parnassw have diverged in 
one direction and the various species of Papilio in the other. A 
‘“‘ genealogical tree’ is given, showing the supposed relationships of 
these to each other and to their ancestral stock. Those who have 
experience of such “trees,” will not be surprised that the lines of 
descent often differ from those indicated by Eimer in his well-known 
work (8). Nevertheless, the object of natural history research is to 
discover the natural relationship between living creatures, and such 
speculations, though they can never be final, are full of interest. 
The arrangement of the nervures on a butterfly’s wing becomes a 
subject of real importance in the light of the doctrine of descent. 
REFERENCES. 
t. Leon, N.—Labialtaster bei den Hemipteren. Zool. Anz., vol. xv., pp. 145-6. 
(1892). 
2. Muggenburg, F. H.—Der Riissel der Diptera pupipara. Arch. fiir Naturgesch., 
Iviii. jahrg., vol. i., pp. 287-332, pls. xv., xvi. (1892). 
3. Adelung, N. von.—Beitrage zur Kenntniss des tibialen Gehérapparates der 
Locustiden. Zeit. Wiss. Zool., vol. liv., pp. 316-349, pls. xiv., xv. (1892). 
4. Graber, V.—Die Chordotonalen Sinnesorgane und das Gehér der Insekten. 
Arch. Miky. Anat., vol. xx. (1882). 
5. Hoffbauer, C.—Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Insektenflugel. Zeit. Wiss. Zool., 
vol. liv., pp. 579-630, pl. xxvi., xxvii. (1892). 
6. Spuler, A.—Zur Phylogenie und Ontogenie des Fliigelgeaders der Schmetter 
linge. Zeit. Wiss. Zool., vol. liii., pp. 597-646, pls. xxv., xxvi. (1892). 
7. ———— .—Zur Stammesgeschichte der Papilioniden. Zool. fahrb., vol. vi., pp. 
465-498, pls. xxii., xxiii. (1892). 
8. Eimer, G. H. T.—Die Artbildung und Verwandtschaft bei den Schmetter- 
lingen. Jena, 1889. 
GeorGE H. CARPENTER. 
