1893. OWEN. 133 
discoveries of complete skeletons in America) that they belong to 
more than one order of the reptilian class. 
The Anomodontia—those curious early Mesozoic reptiles com- 
bining in their skeleton certain features now only known in amphibia 
and mammalia—were also first recognised and defined by Owen, who 
described a great number of forms from the Karoo deposits of Cape 
Colony, beginning with Dicynodon in 1845, culminating in his exhaus- 
tive Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South “Africa (British Museum, 
1876), and even further pursued in later papers. The discovery of 
Rhynchosaurus in the English Keuper was also the first evidence of 
the order recognised by later observers as the Rhynchocephalia. 
Moreover, the most elaborate series of descriptions of the I[chthyo- 
sauria and Plesiosauria are due to Owen; and he has made known 
nearly all the principal British types of fossil Chelonia and Ophidia 
hitherto described. His memoir on Dimorvphodon marked a great 
advance in knowledge of the Pterosaurian skeleton; and his dis- 
_ covery of the reptilian nature of Placodus and Stagonolepis (previously 
regarded as fishes) was also an important step. 
Among contributions to the anatomy of birds, we may specially 
refer to Owen’s classical memoir on the apteryx, and his further 
notices of the anatomical characters of the flamingo, pelican, gannet, 
and hornbill, all published by the Zoological Society. His important 
series of memoirs on the osteology of extinct birds, however, issued 
by the same society, excel even his work on living forms, and we 
need only recall his descriptions of the dodo and great auk, besides 
his numerous memoirs on the Dinornithide, on Aftoynis, and on 
Notorvnis from New Zealand. From the paleontological standpoint, 
too, Owen’s monograph on Archeopteryx—the long-tailed, toothed 
bird from the Bavarian Lithographic Stone—is an epoch-making 
work. Finally, he described Odontopteryx, Avgilloyvnis, and Dasornts 
from the London Clay. 
Among recent mammalia, the more striking of Owen’s contribu- 
tions relate to the monotremes and marsupials, and the recognition of 
the two natural groups of typical Ungulata—the odd-toed (Perisso- 
dactyla) and the even-toed (Artiodactyla); and mention ought also 
to be made of his studies of the various apes. His attention seems 
to have been first directed to the extinct mammalia when he under- 
took the description of the fossils collected by Darwin in South 
America during the voyage of the ‘‘ Beagle.” Toxodon was then 
described, and thus provided the first clear evidence of an extinct 
generalised hoofed animal; according to Owen, indeed, this was a 
‘‘pachyderm, with affinities to the Rodentia, Edentata, and Her- 
bivorous Cetacea.” Macrauchenia, erroneously associated with the 
camels, was also made known, and there were descriptions of new 
gigantic sloths, Mylodon and Scelidotherium. Almost at the same 
time, too, Owen proved that Megatheyium was not an armoured 
animal, but that the dermal plates often ascribed to it really per- 
