ON THE ENGLISH SEA FISHERIES. 71 
Of course much is caught around the coast as well. The total 
quantity of dried and cured fish, besides herring (and of which 
cod, ling, haddock, and pilchards are the chief), exported from 
England amounted in value to £191,855 in 1862. 
The cod is extremely prolific. The roe of the female has been 
estimated to contain from four to nine million of eggs. It 
spawns about February. It is found in all parts of the Atlantic 
Ocean and in the Arctic Seas, but not in the Mediterranean. 
It loves deep water—from twenty-five to forty and even fifty 
fathoms. The well boats in which it is kept alive were invented, 
I believe, at Harwich about 1712. 
Happock AND MACKEREL. 
I now pass on to the fourth on my list of important fishes—_ 
haddock and mackerel—leaving soles, plaice, and other kindred 
fish to the end of this paper, for reasons connected with the 
mode of fishing for them. 
The haddock is found all around the coast of Great Britain, 
from the extreme north to the Land’s End, and all around the 
shores of Ireland; but it is not found either in the Baltic or the 
Mediterranean. They are probably more abundant from Yar- 
mouth to the Tyne than elsewhere in England. The most com- 
mon size of a haddock is from two to four pounds; but one was 
caught at Cullercoats within the last few weeks (February 1863) 
weighing upwards of fourteen pounds. The ease with which 
the haddock can be cured renders it a fish of great value. 
As regards the mackerel, they seem to be less known in the 
North than in the South and West of England; but it is a very 
important fishery. As the year commences, so these fish begin 
to move from the deeper waters of the Atlantic, and are found at 
the entrance of the British Channel and near the Scilly Isles. 
Mr. Couch mentions that in the earlier movements of these fish 
the sexes are divided, and the males go before the females in the 
course of their migration. Out of twenty examples taken in- 
discriminately in March, sixteen were males. On another 
occasion, from a capture of 7,000, seventeen out of twenty were 
males. 
