FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 81 
at each end. Some have wooden and others an iron frame. Some 
are inclosed with wire netting and others with slats made of laths. 
Those with wooden frames are anchored with bricks, while those with 
iron frames need nothing to sink them. The pots are baited with 
ayfish, sharks, or other cheap fish and clams. The crab fishery is 
ollowed in the fall, winter, and spring. 
Beam trawls.—The total catch with beam trawls in 1915 amounted 
to 434,313 pounds, valued at $20,191, of which 290,935 pounds, 
valued at $14,154, were taken in the vessel and the remainder in the 
shore fisheries. With the exception of 47,893 pounds of mixed fish, 
mainly sole, valued at $1,472, the catch consisted entirely of shrimp. 
The beam trawls used for fish are similar to those used in taking 
shrimp, except that they are much smaller. The present style of 
beam trawl for shrimp came into use in 1913. It consists of a wooden 
beam of 6-inch scantling, 20 to 25 feet long, to each end of which is 
fastened an iron runner. The beam sets about 3 feet, or the height 
of the runners, above the ground. A bag 20 to 30 feet long, of 1-inch 
mesh for shrimp, and 4-mch mesh for groundfish, is fastened to the 
beam and sides of the runners. There is a slack in the lower part of 
the mouth of the bag. <A bridle extends a few feet in front of the 
runners, and to this bridle is attached a cable fastened at the other 
end to the boat. 
The shrimp trawl in use for many years before the introduction of 
the present style consisted of a frame of 14-inch iron working over the 
bottom on two shoes, one on each side. The mouth of the bag was 
fastened to the upper and lower parts of the frame. 
The vessels engaged in beam trawling ranged in size from 5 to 27 
~ net tons; nearly one-half of them were steamers, and the remainder 
were operated by gasoline. The crew usually consisted of two men. 
The fishing is followed in from 18 to 35 fathoms of water. Shrimp 
can be taken from April 1 to December 31, but the best catches are 
made in November and December. 
Dip nets —The use of dip nets is restricted exclusively to taking 
eulachon or candlefish, which are tabulated as smelts. This fishery 
is confined mostly to Kelso and vicinity, m Cowlitz County. The 
total catch with dip nets in 1915 amounted to 1,619,500 pounds, 
valued at $6,695, all taken in the shore fisheries. 
Reef nets.—Reef nets were used only in the shore fisheries, the total 
catch in 1915 amounting to 170,207 pounds, valued at $4,199. The 
catch consisted of several species ofsalmon. Reef nets are fished only 
in San Juan and Whatcom Counties, and mostly by Indians. As the 
name indicates, they are always set on reefs. They are made entirely 
of netting, have a leader, and are similar in appearance to a small 
»ound net without a heart, but are less substantially constructed. 
he reef acts as a leader in addition to the one of netting. At the 
outer end of the latter is a pound or pot having four sides to which 
the fish lead. The front or inshore side of this pot is dropped down 
when the net is fishing to allow the fish to enter. When the Indians 
see the fish moving in considerable quantities toward the pot, they 
yell and make as much noise as possible to frighten them into entering 
it, after which they pull up the front part to prevent their escape. 
It usually requires six men in two canoes to fish a net. A canoe is 
stationed on each side of the pot, the men in each holding a line con- 
