FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 103 
high from the basement to the roof. A square or round building is 
preferable, so as to insure a more even distribution of heat and smoke. 
The fire is maintained in the center of the building, in the basement 
or on the first floor. Each fish is hung on three sticks, or on metal- 
lic hangers, eee upon the size to be smoked. Small fish are 
placed on sticks and large ones on metallic hangers. They are sus- 
pended from the second and third floor levels. A slow fire is main- 
tained from four to seven days, depending upon the kind of fish to be 
smoked. Alder wood and hardwood sawdust are used entirely. Saw- 
dust is used to make a smoldering fire with a great deal of smoke 
but little heat. The kippering process differs from the regular smok- 
ing process only in that the fish are placed on trays similar to a broiler 
in the oven at home, and the alder-wood fire is maintained up to the 
neighborhood of 300° F. for two hours. By this time the fish is 
thoroughly cooked from the heat and cured by the smoke. It is 
then ready to eat. 
Among the miscellaneous fishery products prepared were 1,927 
tons of fertilizer from fish and fish offal, valued at $77,560; 171,245 
gallons of oil, valued at $50,555; 41,038 gallons of glue, valued at 
$36,200; 212 tons of poultry feed, valued at $10,370, from the same 
source; 133,689 pounds of shrimp meat, valued at $38,303; 5,000 
pounds of potash, valued at $1,125, from kelp; and 150 tons of ground 
clam shells, valued at $1,500. The oil mentioned above is used 
largely for tanning leather, while some made from grayfish livers is 
used in the manufacture of fine grades of soap. It is also said to be 
ee medicinal purposes, but no such trade has yet been estab- 
ished. 
Statistics for products prepared, exclusive of canning, in Washing- 
ton in 1915 are shown in table, page 54. 
CANNING INDUSTRY. 
In 1915 there were in Washington 76 canneries, distributed by 
districts as follows: Forty-nine, valued at $4,541,103, in the Puget 
Sound region; 15, valued at $318,685, in the Grays Harbor district; 
7, valued at $164,900, in the Willapa Harbor district; and 5, valued 
at $293,329, on the Columbia River. A total of $424,000-working 
cash capital was employed, 4,525 persons were engaged, and $1,- 
279,787 were paid in wages. Of these canneries all but a few were 
engaged in canning salmon. The remainder handled clams, clam 
juice, oysters not cooked, oyster cocktails not cooked, and shrimp 
cocktails. Some of the salmon canneries included in their output a 
few cases of canned shad, shad roe, clams, and clam juice. The total 
pack of salmon in the Statewas as follows: 590,378 cases of humpback, 
valued at $1,772,565; 178,464 cases of chinook, valued at $1,400,220; 
450,409 cases of chum, valued at $1,219,061; 206,508 cases of silver, 
valued at $1,036,859 ; 91,720 cases of blueback, valued at $932,394; and 
10,270 cases of steelhead trout, valued at $64,860. The other canned 
products consisted of 49,337 cases of clams, valued at $211,008; 270 
cases of clam juice, valued at $1,050; 7,505 gallons of clams not 
cooked, valued at $4,066; 4,944 gallons of clam juice not cooked, 
valued at $2,427; and 49,103 gallons of oysters not cooked, valued at 
$120,513. A case of salmon represents 48 pounds, but there is no 
uniform weight to a case of clams. The clams indicated as not cooked 
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