FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Lor 
has a 14-inch mesh. The mouth of the net when fishing has a spread 
of about 50 feet. 
When the nets were first introduced they were operated with 
- small sailboats, were necessarily of small dimensions, and dragged 
within San Francisco Bay and in the shallow water alongshore just 
outside the harbor. Later, or about 1888, steam tugs, with larger 
nets were employed, and the San Francisco paranzella fishery was 
soon in the hands of a few companies, constituting the principal 
wholesale fish dealers of the city. 
In fishing a paranzella the steamers work in pairs and follow par- 
allel courses about one-half mile apart, each towing one end of 
the net. Occasionally two nets were towed by three steamers, the 
center one towing an end of two nets. The drags are made either 
with or against the current; otherwise the net would drift sidewise 
and not fish properly. Two drags are usually made each day, fre- 
quently only one, the duration of a drag being 14 to 2 hours. A crew 
of 4 or 5 men is carried on one of the steamers, and from 10 to 14 on 
the other, the latter being the one on which the net is lifted. When 
a drag is completed the net is hauled in by steam winches and lifted 
aboard by means of a derrick. Frequently the weight of the fish is 
so great that some of them have to be removed with a long-handled 
dip net before the net is lifted aboard, to prevent tearing it. Sev- 
eral extra nets are always carried aboard the boat. 
The fishing is practically all done outside the 3-mile limit and in 
from 25 to 55 fathoms of water. Of the two grounds most resorted 
to by San Francisco vessels one lies 4 to 8 miles southwest of Point 
Rizes and the other about 8 miles south of the lightship off the en- 
trance to San Francisco Harbor. The catches are not so large during 
the winter, the supposition being that the fish have moved out into 
deeper water during the period of rough weather. 
While steamers are used almost entirely from San Francisco, in 
Santa Cruz and Los Angeles Counties only gasoline boats are used. 
Trammel nets.—The catch with trammel nets in 1915 amounted 
to 3,510,154 pounds, valued at $134,766, showing a decline in quan- 
tity since 1904 of 261,357 pounds, but an increase in value of $59,- 
301. The catch was made up of flounders, barracuda, and perch, but 
flounders comprised 88 per cent of the total. The use of these nets 
is confined mainly to the counties in southern California, San Diego 
County furnishing the largest quantity. The fishing is all done in 
the Pacific Ocean, nearly nine-tenths of the catch being credited to 
the shore fisheries. 
The trammel nets used in this State are similar in construction 
to those in general use elsewhere, consisting of three nets instead 
of one, as in a gill net. The two outer nets have a 23-inch mesh 
and hang about 12 feet deep. The inner web has a 9-inch mesh and 
hangs about 16 feet deep. The two outer nets are of No. 12 cotton 
twine and the middle one of No.9. The nets are from 72 to 80 yards 
long, and about 20 are usually tied together and fished as one net. 
They are set at right angles but not immediately adjoiming the shore. 
An anchor weighing 25 pounds and a buoy, usually a 4-gallon keg, 
are placed at each end of the net. Thelead line, weighted with about 
25 pounds of lead, rests on the bottom. The nets are set either dur- 
ing the day or night and ordinarily remain out about 24 hours before 
lifting. They are commonly set a short distance from shore in from 
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