574 



U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 



Thus, a fish will freeze 20 per cent faster in brine at 5° F. than it 

 will in brine at 10° F. He found that a fish is frozen solid when 

 the temperature at the backbone is 25° F. 



EARLIER METHOD OF BRINE FREEZING 



It so happens that both freezing in brine and in freezing molds 

 surrounded by brine originated with the same inventors. Hesketh 

 and Marcet, 35 in 1889, patented the principle of immersing perish- 

 able articles directly in cold brine, with or without protective cover- 

 ing or container, or else inclosing the goods in water-tight cells with 

 hollow walls in which brine is circulated. Nothing came of the 

 invention. In 1898 Heniw Rouart 36 obtained a patent covering very 

 nearly the same ground. Rouart employed a tank of brine with cool- 

 ing coils (in the bottom) and agitator to move the brine. 



In 1899 H. W. Rappleye, of Philadelphia, patented 3T what appears 

 again to be essentially the same thing as covered by Rouart and 



Fish to Freeze 

 Sb6mer$e& in rrire Basket 



3/e/e Elevation - C/~oss 5ec£/or>. 



Fig. 25. — Apparatus similar to Rouart's, used for freezing smelts at Seattle, Wash. 

 Courtesy, Booth Fisheries Co. 



more broadly by Hesketh and Marcet; namely, immersing the per- 

 ishables to be frozen directly in a tank of brine refrigerated with an 

 ammonia machine. 



ktle's method 



In 1905 T. D. Kyle 38 devised a method of chilling and freezing 

 fish by placing them in a tank of refrigerated sea water, which was 

 filtered through charcoal and a sponge filter. When the fish had been 

 cooled in this tank they were gutted and transferred to another tank 

 of concentrated sea water for further refrigeration. Here they could 

 be kept a time for sale or they might then be sorted, packed in pans, 

 covered with pure filtered sea water, and frozen to a block. The same 

 ground was again covered by J. R. Henderson 39 in 1910 and 1913, 



"British Patent 6117, Apr. 9, 1889. 



315 British Patent 5378, Apr. 16, 1898. 



37 U. S. Patent 626771, June 13, 1899. 



33 British Patent 16916, 1905. 



^British Patent 30221, Dec. 29, 1910; U. S. Patent 1055636, Mar. 11, 1913. 



