THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 333 
APPLIANCES FOR DREDGING AND SEIZING. 
Oyster dredge: 
Galvanized iron frame 34 inches wide across mouth, with net of iron mesh. This 
style of dredge is generally used all along the Atlantic coast, particularly in the 
Chesapeake Bay, on sailing vessels. 
Oyster scrape: 
Galvanized iron frame 34 inches wide across the mouth, with bag of cotton netting. 
Used along the Atlantic coast of the United States on oyster beds in shoal water and 
soft bottom. 
Scallop dredge: 
In common use in Buzzards Bay and the waters south of Cape Cod, Mass. © It is 
operated from a sailboat and is dragged along the bottom while the boat is sailing, 
thus scooping up the scallops. After the dredge has been dragged along the bottom 
for a short time it is hauled to the surface and the contents emptied into the boat. 
Clam or quahog rake: 
Used at Edgartown, Mass. When rigged it has a pole 20 to 30 feet long, so that 
the operator can cover considerable ground without changing the position of the boat 
from which he works. This pole is made of yellow pine and is 2 inches square at 
the end joining the rake, and gradually tapers to 1 inch in diameter at the end. 
Sea horse: 
Used at Edgartown, Mass., for digging clams which are covered with water. The 
canvas strap is passed over one shoulder and under the opposite arm, and enables the 
operator to exert considerable force with his back and shoulders in addition to that 
applied with his arms. The long teeth are forced down into the sand or mud and 
then the whole is lifted clear of the bottom and by a peculiar motion the mud and 
sand are sifted through the teeth and the clams retained above the teeth and brought. 
to the surface. 
OystTER TONGS. ~ 
Marsh’ s improved deep-water oyster tongs, used in water 30 to 200 feet deep. 
Oyster tongs: 
Galvanized iron head and frame 24 inches wide with 14 iron teeth and shafts of 
wood 14 feet long. In common use along the Pacific coast by boatmen oystering in 
shallow water. 
Oyster tongs: 
Galvanized iron head and frame 21 inches wide with 12 iron teeth and shafts of 
wood 12 feet long. In common use along the Atlantic coast by boatmen oystering 
in shallow water. 
Oyster nippers: 
Frame of galvanized iron 6 inches wide. Handle 6 feet 6 inches long. Used by 
tongers for catching single oyster in shallow water. 
Clam fork: Used in digging clams on shore. 
Clam hoe: Used by fishermen in digging clams. 
Deep sea oyster tongs. 
APPLIANCES USED IN THE SPONGE FISHERY. 
The sponge fishery is prosecuted from small boats carrying two men, from two to 
five boats belonging to one smack. While the boat is being managed by one man 
the other leans over the side and thrusts his head in the water-glass, which he holds 
with one hand, while with the other hand he manipulates a long-handled pole, to 
which is attached a three-pronged hook. When a sponge is seen growing on the 
bottom, it is detached with the hook and drawn to the surface. For shallow-water 
fishing the poles and hooks are lighter than for deeper water. The maximum depth 
at which sponges can be taken by this method is 52 feet.—Florida. 
