388 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
appearance. An idea of the extent of this admixture may be gained 
from the fact that public notices in the fish markets and other places 
are usually printed in five languages—KEnglish, Hawaiian, Chinese, 
Japanese, and Portuguese. 
In numbers the native Hawaiian fishermen surpass all the others 
combined, but this is partly because so many women and children engage 
in the hand fishery for octopus, algee, etc., and these have been counted 
in the total. Some of the natives are at the head of quite important 
fisheries. The Japanese occupy second position in the general total of 
fishermen and are very ingenious and industrious. They are especially 
numerous on Oahu and Hawaii, most of them being engaged in deep- 
sea line fishing, which they virtually monopolize. They have several 
companies at Honolulu, Lahaina, and Hilo for carrying on fisheries, and 
in this way control certain lines of fishing, thus enhancing the cost of 
the products to the general public. Only six Americans have a direct 
connection with the fisheries, and they principally as managers of the 
large fishery rights on Kauai and Mauai. The few Chinese fishermen 
confine themselves to the fisheries immediately along the shores. A 
few years ago they began leasing the fish ponds still in use on most of 
the islands, and now have practically a monopoly of this part of the 
industry. They also quite generally control the selling of fish in the 
markets. A number of South Sea Islanders, mainly from the Gilbert, 
Caroline, and Marquesas islands, are engaged in fishing, principally at 
Honolulu and Lahaina. They are more industrious in this business 
than the natives and are quite expert. They are the principal users of 
fish baskets. The Portuguese are not largely engaged in fishing. The 
Italians have made some efforts in this pursuit, but none is now thus 
employed. 
LAY OF THE FISHERMEN. 
When fishing the natives usually make an equal division of the fish 
taken or of the proceeds among all engaged in it. In a few instances 
they are hired and paid regular wages. 
At Hilo, on Hawaii, in the gill-net and line fisheries the Japanese 
work on the following basis: The owner of the boat furnishes the boat, 
lines, nets, etc., and takes 22 per cent of the gross proceeds for the 
use of these. The balance is then divided equally between the owner 
and others who participate in the fishery. Should the owner not go 
out in the boat he does not get anything in the final division. 
In the seine fishery at Hilo the owner of the boat and net receives 
from 30 to 35 per cent of the gross proceeds, this being regulated by 
the size of the net and boat, while the balance is divided equally 
among the fishermen, the owner, if he accompanies them, receiving 
his share with the rest. Should the fishermen work on salary they 
receive $15 per month, together with their board and lodging. 
At Honolulu, among the Japanese fishermen, the owner of a boat 
used in the fisheries takes 15 per cent of the gross proceeds, the rest 
