COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 395 
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different arrangement of the outrigger. At the ends of the cross poles 
short forked sticks are lashed with the closed part of the fork upward. 
The long sapling is then lashed to the lower ends of the forks, but 
does not enter the V-shaped openings. It does not appear to be as 
effective an arrangement as the one previously described. 
Some of the canoes use sails, but most of them depend upon their 
paddles for motive power. 
During the aku (ocean bonito) fishing season two canoe owners 
frequently combine forces. In that event the outriggers are removed 
from the canoes, which are placed parallel to each other at a distance 
of about 6 feet, and are then held in this position by two cross-pieces 
running from canoe to canoe at about one-third of the distance from 
each end and firmly lashed in this position. The sail is operated in 
only one of the canoes. 
Mr. Henry Weeks, of Kona, Hawaii, uses a canoe in the bottom of 
which is inserted a square piece of thick glass, so that he can locate 
the bottom fishes and hee (octopus), as he slowly paddles along. 
Sampan.—The Japanese use the sampan, a style of boat in general 
vogue in the fisheries of Japan. These boats are clumsy and awkward- 
looking, and are poor sailers, although very seaworthy. A sampan 
to be operated by two men is usually about 20 feet in length on top, 
with about 6 feet on the keel. The beam is usually about + feet 5 
inches, while the depth averages 20 inches. They are made of pine. 
Their most peculiar feature is an overhanging, partly inclosed stern, 
in which the rudder is worked. The width of the stern is about 3 
feet. The gunwale, from the bow for about two-thirds of the length 
on each side, overhangs nearly 12 inches, and has a plank about 6 
inches in height extending above the gunwale. In the bow is a large 
cubby-hole raised even with the top, in which fishing lines, sails, etc., 
are stored when not in use. In the center are about 8 compartments— 
4 on a side, 12 to 15 inches deep, with plugs which can be pulled out 
in order to allow the entrance of water, thus making live wells. 
These small holes—about 6 inches long by 3 inches wide—are crossed 
with small twigs or wire netting to keep the fish from escaping. 
Sculling from the stern is the method invariably used by the Japan- 
ese. The oar, which is about 13 feet long, is lashed to a handle about 
6 feet in length; this gives the oar a slight angle, which makes scull- 
ing much easier than if it was all one solid piece. On the handle is a 
pin, on which a rope is slipped, so that the scull is held down to a 
uniform height while being worked. The sweep of the stock at the 
hand end is nearly 2 feet. The fisherman, planting his left foot on 
an inclined board, sways his armsand body at right angles to the boat. 
Quite large sampans, with crews of from + to 6 men, are employed 
in the deep-sea line fishing off Molokai. 
The small sampans cost about $75 to $80, without sails; the largest 
