PACIFIC SALMOX FISHERIES. 77 



men and horses take refuge at high tide, when the hars are covered 



with water. Operations hegin as soon as the beach or bar uncovers, 



so that the men can wade iiboiit. The net is pJaced in a large seine 



boat, with the shore end attached to a dory. At the signal the seine 



boat is headed offshore, while the dory heads toward the bar. As the 



seine boat circles around against the current the net is paid out in 



the sliape of a semicircle. The dory men hurr;7 to the bar with the 



sliore end of the net, the idea being to get that in as soon as possible 



in order to prevent the escape of the salmon in that direction. As 



soon as this has been accomplished, the outer shore line is brought to 



the bar, when several liorses are Hitclied to the line and be^in to haul 



in the net, care being taken by the men to work it against tlie current 



as much as practicable, and to get it in as speedily as they can in 



order to prevent the escape of salmon either by jumping over the 



cork line or finding some outlet below the footrope or lead line. 



Tlie only other place on the coast where haul seines are important 



is at Karluk. on Kodiak Island, in Alaska. Here the seines are 



hauled upon the narrow gravel spit dividing the lagoon from the strait, 



and practically the same method is followed as in the Columbia 



River. 



DIVER NETS. 



These are in use in the Columbia River, mainly throughout the 

 middle and upper portions of the river. They vary from 100 to 200 

 fathoms in length and are used almost exclusively for chinook salmon. 

 In construction they somewhat resemble a trammel net. Two nets are 

 attached together side by side. The outer one, or the one toward the 

 oncoming fish, has a larger mesh than the other, so that if the fish 

 manages to pass through the first, it will be caught in the smaller 

 meshes of the second. 



DIP NETS. 



These consist of an iron hoop secured to the end of a stout pole 

 with a bag-shaped net fastened to the hoop. They are generally used 

 at the cascades on the rivers, small platforms being erected upon 

 which the operator stands while fishing. Indians formerly used them 

 to a large extent, but, owing to the steady decline in the number of 

 Indians, and the appropriation of favorable spots by the whites for 

 other forms of apparatus, they are but little used now. 



SQUAW NETS. 



This type is virtually a set net. It consists of an oblong sheet of 

 gill netting, about f 2 feet long and S feet deep, its lower edge weighted 

 to l<c('p it clown, and its upper edge attached to a pole that floats at 

 the surface, and is held by a line or lines to another projecting pole 

 which is securely fastened to the shore, so that it will not swing around 

 with the strain of the swift current on the net. A single olock is 

 attached to the pole, and through this passes a rope, thus making a 

 tackle for the more convenient manipulation of the net. The dip-net 

 fishermen of the Columbia River use this net, which derives its name 

 from the fact that it used to be commonly operatefl by Indian scpiawa 

 for taking salmon. But few are now in use, for the same reasons as 

 given for the decline in the use of dip nets. 



