[GANONG ] BOUNDARIES OF NEW BRUNSWICK 161 
THE CARTOGRAPHICAL History OF THE BOUNDARIES. 
Down TO 1606. 
The cartography of New Brunswick for the different periods, illus- 
trated by reproductions of the principal maps, has been discussed in an 
earlier work of this series (“ Cartography of New Brunswick,” these 
Transactions, UI., 313). We shall here review the subject very briefly 
from the point of view of the evolution of the boundaries. 
Our subject really begins with the commission of DeMonts in 1603, 
and first of all we must ascertain what idea men had in 1603 of the 
Acadia granted to DeMonts. Unfortunately we do not know what maps 
the framers of the commission to DeMonts had before them. but the 
fact that the word Acadia was used at all shows that they must at least 
have had some one or more of the Italian series of pre-Champlain 
maps* before them. All the pre-Champlain maps fall roughly into 


1 Although not essential to our present subject, some reference to the 
origin of the name Acadia will be of interest here. I have tried to trace the 
evolution of this name (these Transactions, new series, II., sect. ii, 216, and 
the New Brunswick Magazine, III., 153-157). The conclusion is perfectly clear 
from the known facts that Acadia is a lineal descendant of the Larcadia of 
the maps of the sixteenth century. It appears for the first time on the Gas- 
taldi map of 1548 (given in Winsor’s America, IV., 88), and by comparison 
with an original in the Lenox Library, New York, I have found that Winsor’s 
tracing is perfectly correct. On that map, however, Larcadia is not a name 
for a considerable extent of country (as it is on later maps), but is the name 
of a single place on the coast, and is engraved in letters precisely like the 
many other names along the same coast. Now, these names on this map are 
all taken from the Maggiolo map of 1527, which reflects precisely the Verra- 
zano Voyage of 1524. A photographic copy of this map was given by Winsor, 
in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1893 If now one 
compares the Gastaldi map of 1548 with the Maggiolo of 1527, it is plain that 
the names of the former are from the latter. The name Larcadia, therefore, 
ought to appear on Maggiolo, and somewhere to the southwest of Angouleme, 
and between it and C. de S. Maria (the number for which is omitted in 
Winsor’s tracing). On Maggiolo, however, there is no name whatever between 
Angouleme and C. de S. Maria. But if we turn to the map of Hieronymus 
de Verrazano of the same year, 1527, a map which also is based upon the 
voyage of Verrazano, we find two names between these two which (as printed 
on the copy given by Horsford, ‘‘ Discovery of America by Northmen ”) are 
ce d olimpo and lanprunela. Even allowing for the remarkable misprints of the 
old maps, misprints which often wholly distorted words and rendered them 
after a few copyings wholly unrecognizable, we can hardly believe that 
Larcadia is the same as Lanprunela. But this is as far as I have been able to 
trace the word. It is worth noting, by the way, that farther to the 
southwest on Verrazano occurs the word Lamadra (?). Were this word in the 
