[GANONG ] BOUNDARIES OF NEW BRUNSWICK 181 
the present Lunenburg). But the important fact for us is this, that this 
document appears to use the name Acadia as if it were a place in Nova 
Scotia, and moreover as if the “ coast and country of Accadye” applied 
specially to that part included within this grant. It was unquestionably 
this use of the name Acadia which led to the distinction between Acadia 
and Nova Scotia made in the grant by Cromwell to LaTour, Crown and 
Temple in 1654, and by Temple in 1664, and which formed later so 
strong an argument for the French contention that Acadia of old 
included only a part of the peninsula. This grant would have been a 
powerful argument for their side had they known of it, which appears 
not to have been the case. If now we ask why Acadia was thus restricted 
in this grant, the answer seems not difficult, namely, Acadia at that time 
(as the French commissioners claimed in 1751) really was understood 
to include only the southern part of the peninsula, an idea entirely in 
harmony with the maps of the time, as we have already seen in an earlier 
section (see page 161). 
We come now to an event of much importance in the history of the 
boundaries of this period. In 1654, despite the fact that England and 
France were at peace,’ an expedition consisting of English ships and 
New England soldiers took possession of all the French posts in Acadia 
from Penobscot to Canso. It was done by Cromwell’s orders, and with 
the approval of the people of New England, and no doubt was justified 
by the claim of King Charles that the cession of the places in Acadia did 
not carry Acadia itself. France protested, though apparently with a 
mildness altogether surprising under the circumstances. But the next 
year, 1655, the Treaty of Westminster was signed, which contains in 
Article XX V. this reference to places in Acadia :— 
Et sur ce que ledit seigneur Ambassadeur de Sa Majesté Trés-chrétienne 
demandoit la restitution de trois forts, 4 savoir de Pentagoet, Saint-Jean & 
Port-royal, pris depuis peu dans l’Amérique, ensembles des biens qui ont été 
trouvés dans lesdits forts, & que les sieurs Commissaires de Son Altesse soû- 
tenoient au contraire qu’ils ont droit de les retenir; il a été accordé que ce 


At least they were nominally at peace. The English boundary commis- 
sioners, however, claimed that this was not true. Thus in their Memorials 
(page 259), they say :—‘‘ As to the Action in 1654, the French Commissaries 
are mistaken when they say that the Commonwealth of Great Britain, and the 
Crown of France were then in full Peace; continual and open Hostilities 
were carried on by the two Nations during the whole Year 1652 [authority 
cited]. France had entered into an offensive and defensive Alliance with the 
declared Enemies of the Commonwealth of England, and Cromwell in this very 
Year 1654 refused to admit France a party to a Treaty made with the States. 
This mutual Ill-will and reciprocal Hostility continued until 1655, when the 
Treaty of Westminster was made, which plainly appears by the Provisions of 
it to have been made to re-establish Peace in general.” 
