[aanoxG] BOUNDARIES OF NEW BRUNSWICK 279 
the Atlantic Ocean, excepting such islands as now are, or heretofore have 
been, within the limits of the said Province of Nova Scotia. 
(Statement on the Part of the United States, etc., Appendix, 12). 
If we turn now to Mitchell’s Map (Map No. 19), or even to a 
modern map (Map No. 28), it is plain that, since every island in Passa- 
maquoddy Bay, together with Grand Manan, lies south of a line drawn 
due east from the mouth of the St. Croix, they would all, without 
any exception, belong to the United States by the treaty, were it not 
for the saving clause excepting those which were, or had been, 
within the limits of Nova Scotia. None of the negotiators of the 
treaty knew this region personally, nor had they any local knowledge 
whatever aside from what they gleaned from Mitchell’s and other gen- 
eral maps, and, as we now know, their supposed information was very 
erroneous. It is, moreover, quite unlikely that they had any idea as 
to the extent to which Nova Scotia had exercised jurisdiction over 
these islands. There can be no doubt, therefore, that the limits of 
Nova Scotia meant by them were the true legal limits, whatever they 
might be, as determined by charters, etc. 
Such was no doubt the legal meaning of the treaty, and it was 
on this basis the questions were finally settled. Locally, however, both 
in Nova Scotia and in Massachusetts, the words “limits of Nova 
Scotia ” appear to have been interpreted as referring to actual juris- 
diction, which it happened had been extensively exercised in this region 
by that province. Indeed, from the earliest times, the Passamaquoddy 
region as a whole has been associated, and for obvious geographical 
reasons, with Acadia or Nova Scotia. All through the English Period 
it naturally fell to Nova Scotia; it was a natural centre of settlement 
and separated from any of the Massachusetts settlements by a great 
stretch of unpeopled coast. Massachusetts never made any effort 
whatsoever to exercise any jurisdiction there until after 1783. On 
the other hand Nova Scotia, acting under the rights conferred by the 
grant to Alexander of 1621, made grants of Campobello (in 1767), and 
of Deer Island (1767, confirmed in 1810). Acting under the claim 
that the Cobscook was the St. Croix, she granted in 1764 extensive 
tracts between that river and the Scoodic to Governor Francis Ber- 
nard and others, which grant specifically included Moose Island. She 
had also made a reservation of Grand Manan, preliminary to a grant 
to Sir William Campbell, though the grant itself was never made. 
Moreover, she established courts at Campobello and St. Andrews, and 
as affidavits in the Boundary Ms. show, these courts exercised jurisdic- 

* Discussed fully by Howe in Coll. N.B. Hist. Soc., I., 345, 349. An earlier 
application to Nova Scotia for Grand Manan is mentioned in Archives, 1894, 
253. ; 
