418 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
include the Kennebecasis, Long Reach and Belleisle; Queens, Gage- 
town, Washademoac and Grand Lake; Sunbury, the old pre-Loyalist 
settlement of Maugerville and the Oromocto; and York the new city 
of Fredericton and the Loyalist settlements above. In making these 
divisions, I think there is little doubt that the DesBarres larger map 
(Map No. 40, 41), was used, as is strongly suggested by the presence on 
it of the lines of Maugerville and Burton, adopted as the boundaries of 
Sunbury. As to the precise positions of the lines, this was determined 
no doubt, in great part as shown on Map No. 34, by the effort to make 
them avoid cutting through individual land grants, which it would be 
a disadvantage to have included in different counties, the more 
especially as such grants are usually made in definite counties. When 
later, the increase of population made it necessary to sub-divide the 
great county of York, and Carleton (1831), Victoria (1844), and Mada- 
waska (1873), were successively set off, the same general principles 
were evidently followed. The lines of separation crossed the river 
nearly at right angles, or deviated to avoid cutting land grants, and 
were so placed as to group together related settlements and river 
branches, and to interfere as little as possible with existent land grants. 
As to the North Shore group, that included at first only Nor- 
thumberland, and its population increased so slowly that it was not 
until 1826 that new divisions were needed, and then Kent was erected 
to include the small rivers of which the Richibucto is the centre, and 
Gloucester to include the Bay Chaleur and Restigouche region, from 
which the Restigouche was set off in a new county in 1837. 
Of the original Fundy group, but a single county has been divided, 
and that is Westmorland. By 1845, the increasing population of that 
county had made so manifest the disadvantages of having it divided 
by so turbulent and often impassable a river as the Petitcodiac, that all 
west of it was erected into a new county, Albert. 
Although these lines were laid out with all the foresight the 
knowledge of the time permitted, it was soon found that some of them 
did not run as expected or were otherwise inconvenient, and from time 
to time they were altered. Thus the Kings-Westmorland line was 
removed eastward from the supposed to the true watershed between 
the Kennebecasis and Petitcodiac in 1787, and was again altered in 
1837 ; the Kent western boundaries, established in 1826, were altered 
in 1845; the Northumberland-York line was moved westward 
nearer to the real watershed in 1803, and changes were made in the 
eastern boundary of Restigouche in 1881 and in the western in 1854. 
But none of these changes affected the principles on which the lines 

