SKELETON 



present a considerable number of processes or projections, which 

 protect certain blood-vessels, and serve for the attachment of 

 the muscles which turn the flexible neck. The dorsal vertebrae 

 follow, and some not unfrequently coalesce with each other, but 

 this is always so with the sacrals, and in nearly all existing 

 Birds with the terminal portion of the caudals, which are fused 

 together to form a " pygostyle " or upright triangular plate to carry 

 the tail-feathers.^ Archaeopteryx, so far as is known, stands 

 alone in having all the caudal vertebrae free. 



A typical vertebra consists of a centrum, and an arch, with 

 articular surfaces for two ribs, and is called heterocoelous when the 



facets, or connecting surfaces, are 



^^^ saddle-shaped, a condition charac- 



/"'^r^ ^^>s^^^ teristic of, and restricted to. Birds, 



mmk » r'-?^ ^^ ^^ amphicoelous, or biconcave, 



J, ..^TY^W-'^^>,^I^X when each end is hollowed, as in 



^%fi^Kll^^,rJ^ the dorsal region of Ichthyornis 



jr/ ■■ ^%!Wg^J^ and probably in Arcliaeo'pUryx ; 



2i jd/' W-p.- procoelous, when concave in front 



Fig. l.-Third cervical vertebra of Wood- (aS is COmmon in Eeptiles) ; opis- 



pecker {Picus viridis). (Viewed thococlous when concave behind 



anteriorly.) /"<, vertebrarterial fora- z^,. ;„ 1^.0 nv Mam nnl^^ 

 men ; Ob, upper arch ; Pa, articular ^^^ "^ many^ IVlammalSj. 



process ; Psi, haemal .spine ; Pt^ Pt, 2. The Eibs are doubly attached 



the two bars of the transverse process, , . 1 , i -1 ^ t / ■ 



shewn on one .side ancyiosed with the ^o the Vertebrae by a head {capi- 

 cervicai rib [R) ; Sa, articular surface tulum) and a knob (hiberculum) ; 



of centrum. (From Wiedersheim.) , , 1 t i n 



and have a neck, a dorsal, and a 

 ventral portion, each dorsal section (save on the last rib) 

 possessing an " uncinate process " or thin, bony posterior projec- 

 tion, except in Archaeopteryx and the Palamedeidac. Should the 

 ventral piece articulate with the sternum the rib is " true," 

 otherwise it is called " false " ; moreover the cervical and 

 frequently the post -thoracic ribs are fused with the cervical 

 vertebrae and the ilia respectively. 



3. The Breast-bone (Sternum) presents two different styles — 

 according to whether it exhibits on its ventral surface a median 

 ridge or keel {carina), or not. In the former case, which is that 

 of by far the greater number of existing Birds ('hence termed 

 Carinatae), the keel is of variable size, being correlated with the 

 power of flight. It is exceedingly deep in the Swifts, Humming 



' The Ratitae, Cryjituri and Hesperomis have no pygostyle. 



