ANATIDAE I 3 5 



and caruncles on the forehead when present beinjj; red. The 

 female has no knob. They frequent marshes, appear to prefer 

 running to flying or perching, and lay alunit eight whitish eggs. 



Sub-fam. 10. Anseranatinac. — This contains only Anseranas 

 scmipalmata of Australia and Tasmania, a wiiite bird with black 

 head, neck, mantle, wings, and tail, reddish beak, and yellow feet. 

 It haunts swamps, walks easily, and deposits some five wliite eggs. 



Sub-fam. 11. Ci/r/ninae. — In this group the sexes are similar. 

 Coscoroha Candida, of southern South America, is white, with lilack 

 tips to the primaries, pinkish bill and feet. It feeds on land, has 

 a loud trumpeting cry, and a less noisy flight than the true Swans, 

 from wliich it diflers in its feathered lores. Chcrwpis atrata, the 

 Black Swan of Southern Aiistralia and Tasmania, occasionally 

 domesticated in England, is brownish-black, with white remiges, 

 black feet, pink lores, and pink Ijill banded with white, the 

 scapulars and inner secondaries being curled. 



Ciigniis III)/ sic lis, the Whooper, which used to breed in Orkney, 

 and ranges from Iceland thrt)ugli Arctic Europe and Asia, migrat- 

 ing to the Mediterranean, Nepal, China, and Japan, and straying 

 to Greenland, is white with black feet and bill, the basal half of 

 the latter 1 )eing yellow, while that colour extends still further on 

 the sides. The flight is accompanied by a rushing sound, the note 

 is trumpet-like or whistling, the food consists of aquatic plants, the 

 five or more white eggs are laid upon a pile of herbage near water. 

 The smaller C. hewicki, where the yellow on the bill does not reach 

 the nostrils, inhabits tlie Arctic districts from the White Sea to 

 the Pacific, wandering in winter to Britain, the Mediterranean, 

 South Siberia, China, and Japan. C. Columbia 71 us of North 

 America, said to have occurred in Scotland, has merely a yellow 

 spot before the eye ; C. huccinator, of the interior of North 

 America, has a black l)ill ; while C. olor, the Mute or Tame Swan, 

 with its variety the Polish Swan, has the fore-part of it orange. 

 C. olor ranges from South Sweden and Denmark through Central 

 Europe and Asia, migrating a little southwards. C. inelanocory- 

 phus, reaching from South Brazil and Chili to Patagonia and the 

 Falklands, has the head and two-thirds of the neck black, \vith 

 white eye-streak; the bill is plumbeous with red liase and knol), 

 the feet are pinkish. The protuberance is wanting in tlie young, 

 which are marked with rust}', and have the head Ijrown. Of other 

 species immature liirds are grevish or duskv. with flesh-cdloured 



