474 PASSERIFORMES 



The Taeniopterinae, which are generally black, grey, and white, 

 frequent the open parts of wooded districts, river-sides, or excep- 

 tionally marshes, in South America, a few of them extending north 

 of Panama ; the Elaineinae and Platyrhynchinae are olive, grey, 

 brown, and yellow, and inhabit dense forests from South Mexico to 

 Patagonia, Oi^nithion imberhe ranging as far north as Texas ; the 

 Tyranuinae — with many large species — normally exhibit olive, grey, 

 yellow, or white in varying proportions, and include most of the 

 i^earctic genera,such as Conto2Jus,Um2ndonax,Ifi/iarchus,si,nd Tyran- 

 mcs, as well as many Neotropical forms, and the entirely Antillean 

 JBlacicus and Lmvrencia. Erectile crests occur in some cases in Tyran- 

 nulus, Cnipolegus, Coloj^terus, Pseudotriccus, Lojjhotriccus, Machetor- 

 nis, Museivora, Umpidonax, Anaeretes, Elainea, Pyroceplialus, Myio- 

 hius, and Mitrephanes ; white eye-rings are found in Enscarthvm.s 

 zostcrop)s, E. orbitatiis, and Capsiempis orhitcdis ; a fleshy yellow car- 

 uncle surrounds each eye in Lichenops ; and in the breeding male 

 oi Alcctrurus risorius the throat and cheeks shew bare orange skin. 



The following are examples of the coloration, which is often 

 similar in both sexes. Tyrannus pipiri, tlie King-bird of tem- 

 perate North America, ranging to Peru in winter, is dark grey, 

 with a concealed orange patch on the black crown, black and 

 white wings and tail, and white under parts. Pyrocepholus 

 rvMneus, of South America north of Buenos Aires, is dark 

 cinereous with crimson head and lower surface, the female being- 

 grey above, and chiefly white below with grey stripes. Museivora 

 regia of Guiana and Amazonia is brown, with a scarlet crest tipped 

 with purplish, and has ochraceous under parts with brownish bars. 

 The crest is yellower in the hen. Mcgarhynch us pitangua, of Central 

 and South America to Paraguay, is brown, with yellow lower 

 surface, a black head, white superciliary streaks joining on the nape, 

 a concealed orange coronal patch, and a white throat. Elainea 

 pagana, ranging from South Mexico to Brazil, is dull olive above, 

 and greyish-white below with yellow belly ; a spot on the crown 

 and two alar bars being white. Cyanotis azarae of La Plata, Chili, 

 and West Peru has bronzy-green upper and yellow lower surface, 

 with a partial black band beneath and a crimson vent ; the head 

 is black with a crimson spot, the wings and tail are black and 

 white. Todirostrum cineretan of Central America and eastern 

 South America is greyish above and yellow below, with black 

 crown, wings, and tail, the primaries having yellow edges and 



