COTINGIDAE 479 



chloris squamata is in both sexes olive-gveen, with blackish cap 

 and wings, and yellowish under parts marked with black ; others 

 again of the Ptiloehlorinae are chieHy olive or rufous/ three species 

 of HeteropeJma having concealed coronal patches of yellow. 



Manakins as a rule inhabit deep forests, or thick undergrowth 

 near marshes, where they incessantly creep about the branches 

 like Tits, and take short tlights after passing insects. Chiroxi- 

 2)hia caudata is called in Brazil the " Fandango-lnrd," from the 

 fact that one individual often sits and sings, while its fellows 

 dance up and down to the music. Two males of C. linearis 

 have been seen skipping l^efore a female, and uttering meanwhile 

 their cry of " to-le-do." Chiromadiaeris makes a sound like a whip 

 cracking, followed by a continuous rattle — possibly caused by the 

 wings ; but this noise seems peculiar to the genus, the usual cry 

 being loud and whistling. Fruits of all sorts, especially berries 

 and seeds, and occasionally insects, form the food. Cliiromachaeris 

 manaciis and Chiroxiphia caudata hang loose, shallow nests of 

 grass — the latter with slight additions of wool, hair, tendrils, and 

 leaves — from the forks of low shrubs ; the two eggs being reddish- 

 or yellowish-white, thickly blotched with red or brown. 



Fam. VII. Cotingidae. — This group, divided by Mr. Sclater '^ 

 into the Sub-families Tityrinae,Li])wuginae, Attilinae, Iliq)icolinae, 

 Cotinginae, and Gymnodcrinae, cowtoin^ more than a hundred species; 

 but the Attilinae are sometimes placeti in the Tyrannidae or the 

 Formicariidae, lodirpleura. and Cahjptuva in the Pipridae. The 

 range extends from South ]\Iexico to Argentina, Carpodectes being- 

 restricted to Costa Eica and Nicaragua, Phoenicocercus, Haemato- 

 derus, and Gymnoceplialus to Cruinea and Amazonia, Doliornis to 

 Central Peru, Tijuca, Phihalura, and Calypinra to South Brazil. 



The bill varies from strong, elongated, compressed, and 

 curved, as in Tijnca, the Tityrinae and Attilinae, to short and 

 broad, as in Phihalura, Querula, and Chasmorhynchus ; the 

 cidmen being particularly elevated in Gymnoderus, and much 

 hooked in the Attilinae. The metatarsus, scutellated in front, 

 and usually covered with small round scales behind (pycnas- 

 pidean), is especially strong in Pyrodertis and Rupicola, partly 

 feathered in the latter, and posteriorly corrugated in Lipaugus ; 

 while Attila and other kindred forms have the outer toes some- 



^ P. bucHei/i lias curious long lilann-iits on the head of the young. Sclater and 

 Salvin, P.Z.S. 1880, p. 158. " Cat. Bmh Brit. Mus. xiv. 1888, p. :J26. 



