480 PASSERIFORMES 



what connected. The wings may be long, as in Carjiodectes and 

 lodopleura, or short as in Phoenicocercits and Ccdyj)tiira. ; the 

 ten primaries, of which the outer is small, are much reduced 

 and twisted in Chirocylla — particularly in the male ; in that sex 

 of Bupicola some have the inner web cut away at the tip, while 

 the external secondaries have the outer vanes filamentous ; the 

 Tityrinae have the ninth primary abbreviated and often scimetar- 

 shaped ; the seventh has a terminal horny process in the male of 

 Fhoenicocercus. The secondaries are ten or eleven. In XipJioleria 

 the greater coverts are stiff and elongated. The tail of twelve 

 rectrices is usually moderate and square ; though very short in the 

 Cotinginae, long in Tijuca, deeply forked in Phibcdura, and nearly 

 hidden by its coverts in Coiinga amahUis. Bristles surround 

 the gape in the Lipauginae and Attilinae, but vary elsewhere ; 

 Bupicola has a large compressed crest, Cephaloptenis (Fig. 103), 

 one like an i\mbie\la,JPhoenicocerci(,s,I)olio7'nis,ireliochera, Calyptura, 

 and F/dbahira moderate tufts. Wattles and naked areas occur in 

 Ghasmorhynchus and Cephcdopterus ; some species of Tityra have 

 the lores and orbits bare ; GymnodcriLS has the sides of the head 

 and the whole neck, Gymnocephcdus the entire head unfeathered. 



The plumage is ordinarily plain rufous, green, or grey; the 

 females being nearly always dull, though many of the males are 

 very brilliant. Among these Tityra exhibits black and white hues, 

 Hadrostonius is chiefly grey or black, with a rosy band below in 

 three cases, Pachyrlmmphus is green, black, yellow, rufous, or grey, 

 sometimes varied with white. Latliria streptophora has a pink 

 collar, Aidia irregular black spots below. Fhoenicocercus carnifex 

 is dark brown, with scarlet crown, rump, most of the tail and 

 under parts ; Bupicola crocea, the well-known Cock of the Eock, 

 is bright orange, with brown and white wings and partly blackish 

 rectrices ; Phibcdura jiavirostris is black and yellow with con- 

 cealed scarlet crest ; Tijuca is black, with yellow on the wing ; 

 Ampelion is green, relieved by brown, black, and yellow ; Pipreola 

 is green, with black, scarlet, yellow, or orange markings on the 

 throat or breast ; Cotinga exhibits splendid blue and purple 

 tints ; Xipholcna poiiijjadora has an unusual reddish-purple hue,, 

 coupled with almost white wings. Garp)odectes is snowy white, 

 with leaden-coloured or yellow bill ; Hcliochera has black, grey, 

 white, or yellow coloration, with a chestnut crest ; lodopleura 

 shews a lilac tuft on each side of the breast ; and Gcdyptura 



