5 32 PASSERIFORMES 



the middle. The variable metatarsus is very strong in the 

 larger forms, and much weaker in the Frionojnnae ; it is perhaps 

 shortest in the Malaconothiae, where — as in all the Family — the 

 scutes tend more or less to fuse. In Calicalicus and Nicator the 

 basal joints of the third and fourth toes are united. The wings 

 — usually moderate — may be very long and pointed, as in Gym- 

 norhina and Fityriasis, or abbreviated and much rounded, as in 

 Telephonus and Laniarius ; the rather short tail is rarely emargi- 

 nate, but frequently has acuminate feathers ; while it may be 

 square or rounded, or at times graduated, as in Laniarius, Lanielhis, 

 Faco'ptera, TclephonMS, Ptererythrms, some species of Lanius, and 

 still more Urolestcs, where the two median rectrices are excep- 

 tionally elongated. Falcunculus and Oreoeca have well-developed 

 erectile crests ; Rliectcs, Siffmodus, Fseudorhcctes, and Melanorhectes 

 also exhibit lengthened head-plumes ; Flatyloplius has these feathers 

 broad and extraordinarily long ; while Frionops has in addition 

 frontal feathers overhanging the nostrils. Fityriasis has a bare 

 yellow crown, the ear-coverts and lower throat being covered by 

 l^rown bristles with red bases : Leptopterus, Frionops, and Sigmodus 

 have a fleshy wattle round the eye. Rictal and nasal hairs may be 

 highly developed or absent. The sexes are generally similar, except 

 in the Pachycephalinae, and to some extent in the Prionopinae. 



Sub-fam. 1. Gymnorhininae. — The remarkable red and black 

 Fityriasis gymnocephala inhabits Borneo ; the black and white 

 Gymnorhina Australia, with Tasmania ; the black, white, and grey 

 Strepera the same countries, Cracticus Papuasia also. Gymnorhina 

 and Cracticus have the beak bluish-white. Strepera occurs in parties 

 in open wooded districts or swamps, feeding chiefly upon the ground 

 on insects, their larvae, and a little fruit ; while it runs, hops, or 

 leaps from branch to branch with great agility, liut generally flies 

 low and feebly. It is a bold bird with a shrill, ringing, oft- 

 repeated cry. The nest, as large as that of a Crow, is placed in 

 the fork of a low tree, and is formed of sticks and twigs with a 

 lining of bark, grass, leaves, wool, or hair; three or four pale choco- 

 late- or reddish-brown eggs, with faint red or lilac markings, 

 being deposited. Gymnorhina, the Piping Crow, resembles 

 Strepera in habits, though its single, clear notes are somewhat 

 different, and it can be taught to whistle or mimic. G. hyperleuca 

 of Tasmania is called the Organ - bird, as Cyphorhinus (p. 

 522) is in Amazonia. Tlie eggs vary from brown to whitish. 



