564 PASSERIFORMES 



Hens are ordinarily duller (often brownish or green), except 

 in Vestiaria and Himationc sangiiinea ; the young are greenish- 

 yellow relieved by black in Vestiaria, brown and buff in Palmer ia, 

 and Hiviatione sanguinea, and assume the red or orange gradually. 



These forms now chiefly haunt high damp hill-forests, though 

 Vestiaria still occurs near the coast ; they fly comparatively little, 

 but spend much of their time creeping quietly and rapidly over 

 the trunks and branches of acacia, " ohia," " mamane," and other 

 trees, where they hunt for insects l;)elow the bark or on the leaves. 

 None liabitually seek the ground. The long-billed species delight 

 in probing the decayed wood, and insert their mandibles into the 

 crevices in search of food, which consists partly of lepidopterous 

 larvae and spiders. Fruit is largely eaten, pods being split to obtain 

 seeds, and honey is sucked either for its own sake or for the 

 insects it attracts. The stomach at times contains grit. Most 

 forms have a sweet song, the call-note being a reiterated " tweet " 

 or metallic chirp ; Bhodacanthis, moreover, whistles. Himationc 

 virens makes a nest of roots and decayed leaves in trees, Zoxojxs 

 aurea apparently does the same ; the former lays whitish eggs 

 freckled and streaked with purplish-brown, but little is known 

 of the reproduction. The splendid feather-cloaks of the Hawaiian 

 kings, the " leis " (wreaths), waist-bands, and mask-decorations, were 

 of old chiefly composed of the plumage of the " Mamo " {Drepanis 

 2mcifica), and the liwi ( Vestiaria coccinea) ; but when the former 

 became scarce, the lighter yellow tufts (p. 5 05) of the O-o 

 (Acrulocerc'us) were utilized to pay the feather tax, though the 

 cloaks were still called " Mamo." Himatione sanguinea was also 

 laid rmder contriljution, as was in later times the domestic cock. 



Fam. XXVI. Meliphagidae. — The Honey-eaters, seldom l)igger 

 than a Thrush, are remarkable for their extensile quadruple or 

 multiple tongue, which is frayed out latero-dorsally. They occupy 

 the Australian Kegion, from which Ptilotis limhata alone crosses 

 "Wallace's line"(p. 1 6)to Bali, and often have very restricted ranges. 

 Two Sub-tamilies may be vGCo^ms>e.d,Myzomelinae tind 31 elijyhagiiiae. 

 The thin curved l)ill is commonly long, with prominent culinen 

 and wide base ; Melithreptes and PI ectrorhynchus, however, ha\ e 

 it short, and the latter straight. The maxilla is nearly always 

 notched and serrated, several species of Philemori exhibiting a basal 

 protuberance. The metatarsi may be long, as in Acruloeerciis, or 

 al)breviatedas in 3Ianor]iina, the short anterior toes being partially 



