lO ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 



the still loyal Province of Xova Scotia and founded the Province of New 

 Brunswick. Here they prospered and increased^ with some aid from 

 immigration, down to the war of 1812, giving a period of Loyalist and 

 other native growth and expansion, — The Loyalist and Native expan- 

 sion Period. 



6. After the M-ar of 1812 a very active immigration from Great 

 Britain, and particularly from Ireland, began, and continued down to 

 about 1850, adding greatly to the population and settlements of the Prov- 

 ince, — The Period of Active Immigration. 



7. About 1850 the stream of immigration began to diminish, and 

 thenceforth rapidly lessened. Meanwhile an active emigration of native 

 settlers from the Province to the United States and the We&t commenced, 

 so that, despite many material advances, the population has grown but 

 little and latterly not at all, thus greatly checking the formation of new 

 settlements. This period extends down to the present day, — The Modern 

 Period. 



B. Sociological Factors. 



These, varying with the races sent into the Province by the Historical 

 Factors, are likewise best treated under the special periods' later in this 

 paper, and they will be considered there. 



C. Environmental Factors. 



These remain constant throughout all of the periods of our history, 

 though with varying potency in the different periods, and should, there- 

 fore, be treated here in outline. In details, however, they may best bo 

 considered in connection with the special periods. The general factors 

 of most importance are the following: 



a. Geographical Situation. New Brunswick lies in the northern, 

 hemisphere just north of half way from equator to pole (mostly between. 

 45° and 48° N.), and in the western hemisphere, one-fifth of the cir- 

 cumference of the earth from western Europe (mostly between G4° and 

 68° W.). It lies towards the eastern and north-eastern part of the 

 great continent of North America, but not in the natural line of sea 

 travel from one continent to the other, although, owing to the existence 

 of an artificial political ])Oundary across the middle of the continent just 

 south of it, it is! on the line of travel for the northern half in winter 

 when other avenues are closed by ice. Its somewhat irregular outline is 

 reducible roughly to a quadrilateral, some 190 miles from north to south 

 and 140 from east to west, equivalent to a square of about 1G5 miles on 

 a side and containing somewhat more than 27,000 square miles. 



