[ganong] origins of SETTLEMENTS IN NEW BRUNSWICK 21 



the Province along the Gulf of St. Lawrence coast, while the Maliseets 

 moved northward along the Atlantic coast. This would explain the 

 distribution of their settlements as found by Europeans, for the Micmacs 

 occupied, as they still do, all of the St. Lawrence slope with the con- 

 tiguous region at the head of the Bay of Fundy, together with Nova 

 Scotia, while the Maliseets posisessed the St. John and Passamaquoddy 

 systems, taking, it may be noted, the tribal name of Passamaquoddics 

 in the latter region. 



b. Relations with earlier and neiglibouring races. If any earlier 

 race ever occupied this Province, every trace of it has now vanished, 

 and there is no trace of any influence upon the settlements from this 

 source. As to the relations of ]\Iicmacs and Maliseets with one another, 

 they have never within historic times been at war w'ith one another, and 

 the entire lack of enmity between them indicates that this mutual friend- 

 liness was of long pre-historic duration. Indeed, this fact in itself 

 throws some light upon the mode of the original peopling of the Prov- 

 ince, since it indicates that one race wag not driven before the other, 

 but that both moved peacefully into unoccupied territory. Hence their 

 settlements appear not to have been influenced in character or location 

 by need for defence against one another. As to neighbouring races, it 

 is known that they joined together in early historic times for war against 

 the Indians to the southward, and no doubt they had reprisals from 

 them to fear. Further, they had an enemy of wihom they were always 

 in great dread, even terror, namely, the Mohawks, who undoubtedly ex- 

 tended their terrible forays into this Province. It was, no doubt, for da- 

 fence against these enemies that they fortified their principal villages at 

 Meduetic, possibly at Ancpac, perhaps at Nerepis, at Ouigoudi (Si:. John), 

 at Ricliihucto and at Restigouche. Fortification, however, meant in these 

 cases nothing more than the building of a strong stockade; and no 

 attempt seems to have been made to select a strong position, no doubt 

 because this was of little consequence when no artilleiy heavier than 

 Indian arrows was to be feared. 



B. Sociological Factors. 



a. Government. The Indian form of government was entirely 

 tribal, with no central capital. But they had a certain substitute in their 

 central meeting, or council, places, to which all the members of a tribe 

 resorted once a year to discuss matters of common interest, to distribute 

 hunting grounds, to consider peace or war with other tribes, etc. The 

 chief requisites for such meeting-places were, — central position, ample 

 camping ground, and suflicient game supply. The council place of the 



