68 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 



them, and excepting a rough road, then in very bad condition, con- 

 structed by the French from Fort Cumberland to Baie Verte. Bat 

 the Government of the new Province at once faced this necessity, and 

 began tbe construction of roads, especially such as would connect 

 the chief centres of population. During the next few years roads were 

 planned, surveyed a.nd partly built, as shown by the map, (Map jSTo. 

 10), including those from St. John along the Kennebecasis, Petitco- 

 diac and Memramcook to Fort Cumberland, from near Hampton on 

 this road to Fredericton, from Fredericton to St. Andrews, from 

 Fredericton to St. John along the west side of the river, from 

 St. John to St. Andrews, from Fredericton towards Woodstock 

 and Canada, from Moncton to Shediac and from Hampton by 

 Upham to Quaco. So great was the labour and expense of 

 building these great lengths of road through so rough a wilder- 

 ness, that the work went on but slowly, and was often abandoned 

 upon particular roads for long times together, a matter of no great 

 concern to the settlers, who were accustomed to travel by water in 

 summer and by the ice in winter, naturally preferring those easy and 

 familiar routes to the very bad roads. So bad were they that in 1803 

 Dugald Campbell, a special commissioner to report on tlie subjecr, 

 wrote that some of these roads were hardly discernible, others were 

 used as pastures, while " 10 miles of road fit for any kind of wheel 

 carriage is nowhere to be found either there or in the rest of the 

 Province with the exception of the left bank of the St. John in Sun- 

 buiy, where nature, however, had chiefly performed the task.'' Work 

 upon these roads was later continued, however, bringing g-radually tlie 

 Westmorland Eoad, the two St. John Eiver roads and the St. Andrews 

 road into tolerable condition, but the expenditure for defence at the 

 time of the war of 1813 stopped all road work except that on the high 

 road to Canada up the St. John. No doubt these roads stimulated 

 settlement to some extent along their courses, especially in the vicinity 

 of the larger towne, but no distinct settlements appeared to have been 

 made upon them, excepting New Maryland and Pleasant Ridge (1808) 

 on the Fredericton-St. Andrews road. But they were important as 

 preparing the way for botter roads and for new settlements in the next 

 period. 



B. Sociological Factors. 



a. Government. The Loyalists continued the representative form 

 of Government with a legislative capital, such as had existed in the 

 preceding period, but the capital for the new Province was, as we have 

 seen, fixed at Fredericton, thus establishing by the artificial stimulus 



