I 



[GANON«i] ORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTS IX NEW lUUWSWICK 71 



h. Communication. This exei'ciscd also a powcrl'iil inlhieiiee upon 

 the distribution of the settlements of the time. All navigation being 

 by water, the settlements of the period were almost exclusively on 

 navigable waters, the earlier upon waters navigable by vessels or boais, 

 and the later on waters navigable at least for canoes, and tlie only ca-^e 

 of an early settlemernt formed back from such iiavigable waters was 

 /S'Y. Davids, which, as earlier noted, was not properly a Loyalist settle- 

 ment. 



Another important phase of eo-mnnmication was the foundation of 

 the Acadian settlements at Madaiuasha, which were located on the 

 upper St. John by the Government for the purpose of helping to keep 

 open tlie important communication between Nova Scotia and Quebec 

 Ijy way of the St. John and Madawaska. And we trace yet another effect 

 in the direction given to the native expansion settlements of the 

 period which tended to follow the courses of the rivers, thus leading to 

 the formation of settlements in distant places {New Canaan and Carle- 

 ton county), where otherwise they would have been formed nearer the 

 older settlements. 



c. Location of good lands. The Loyalists having mostly to turn 

 farmers, their settlements naturally tended to spread upon the good 

 lands. The marshes, and, in some part, the intervales, of the St. John 

 having been taken np by earlier settlers, they spread upon the bcsit lands 

 remaindng, occupying all of the intervale lands of the lower St. John 

 and its branches first, thence extending to more remote parts, and to 

 the Miramichi and Restigouche. It was the presence of the intervales 

 ai Madawaslca which located the Acadian settlements there instead of 

 farther down the St. JoJin. At Passamaquoddy, however, the inter- 

 vales w^ere almost absent and there the good uplands determined the 

 siettlements, especially on the good soils near St. Andrews and on 

 the ridges back of St. Stephen at Scotch Ridge and in St. David. Along 

 the North Shore the Acadians found an abundance of fair nphnids and 

 spread without special regard to this factor. 



d. Location of trading centres. In this period the trading centres 

 rose greatly in importance, especially in the foci of the two most exten- 

 sively settled districts, namely, the St. John and Passamaquoddy. In 

 the former the City of St. John rose steadily, while St. Andrews also 

 grew ra])idly in importance, chiefly in consequence of the great devel- 

 opment of the lumber and shipbuilding at Passamaquoddy,^ and these 



1 As a report by Donald ^McDonald in 1803 shows (Winslow Papers. 488), 

 St. Andrews Parish had in that year 4 sawmills ; St. Stephen had 7 ; St. David, 2 ; 

 St. Patrick, 1 ; St. George, 5 ; I'ennfield, 2 ; in all cutting about 7,700,000 feet of 

 boards, while St. Andrews Parish alone had built 42 vessels since 178."). Cooney 



