86 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 



important, however, was the expansion in this period in Carleton 

 county, for the back lands were steadily taken up, partly by expansion 

 of the river settlements and partly by new accessions from the older 

 Loyalists and New England settlers on the lower St. John and thus 

 were formed the settlements filling the parishes of Richmond, and the 

 back lands of Wakefield, Wilmot and Wiclvlou^ all of which were taken 

 up before the close of the period, including the settlements of Kirldand, 

 Richmond, JacJcstown (commenced in preceding period), Williamstown, 

 Good and Long Settlements, and peopling this part of Carleton county 

 with an almost pure native population.^ On the other side of the St. 

 John, the settlements were not so extensive because the lands were not 

 so good, but the same native settlements extended to the back lands of 

 Peel and Brighton, and especially extended up the Becaguimec, giving 

 this valley, like the opposite side of the St. John an almost pure native 

 population, and established Rochland, ^yindsor and Coldstream settle- 

 ments. In this period, also, began the native expansion up the Tohiq^e, 

 which, how^ever, was most active in the next period. There was also 

 some expansion up the St. John to ColehrooJce at Grand Falls, and 

 above lo unite with the Acadian settlements, and beyond the Acadian 

 settlements above the Madawaska, where a number of native settlers, 

 with some American and some Irish immigrants, spread thinly along the 

 river to St. Francis, before the end of the period. 



In the meantime the native settlements in the Petitcodiac Basin 

 were also extending around Meringuin peninsula from Westcock and 

 Dorchester Cape, up North Eiver, founding ^yheaton, Stecves and Lewis 

 Mountain, Indian Mountain, and up to the heads of Turtle Creek, 

 Coverdale or Little Eiver and Pollet Eiver, originating Little River 

 (Elgin), Elgin Corner, Pleasant Valley, Mapleton, and the upland 



* The following from a newspaper article by Rev. Dr. Raymond throws much 

 light on this settlement and is doubtless typical of the whole. 



" From Woodstock the settlements gradually extended upwards and back- 

 wards from the river. A large tract of land could be obtained merely by paying 

 $20.00 or $25.00 for the grant, and it was a common custom for four or five men 

 to club together, select their land, pay for the grant, and then draw lots for the 

 part each was to take. The next step was to cut out a path from the nearest 

 settlement to their farms, clear a small piece of land, and build a small house 

 of logs, the roof of which was frequently covered with bark from the spruce tree." 

 In 1818 Jacksontown [i. e., the present Jacksontown, not Jacksonville], was 

 settled in this way by Messrs. Cole, Kearney, Churchill, Burtt, Freeman and 

 others. Four years later Messrs. Jamieson Kirk and Porter settled at Richmond, 

 or as it was formerly termed, " Scotch Corner." The following year, in 1823, 

 Andrew Currie crossed the " big swamp," and settled in North Richmond. Cap- 

 tain W. Mackenzie located himself in South Richmond or " Mackenzie's Corner," 

 and Jlessrs. Atkinson, Strong and McKee founded what was termed the " Irish 

 Settlement." 



