106 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 



been especially the ease with the Intercolonial, which does not, like 

 most of the O'ther roads, follow river valleys already settled, but cuts 

 across the intervening ridges between them, and on these the settle- 

 ments of Adamsville, Girouard, Bhomboid, Dunnville, Acadieville, Roger- 

 ville, and some of lesser importance, have been established. Third, the 

 intersections of these lines have established junctions, entailing settle- 

 ment where it would otherwise not oecur. In the case of the junctions 

 of the greater lines, especially where the intersecting lines have come 

 under a single management, the central repair shops, offices, etc., have 

 become established there, greatly increasing the population, and to 

 this Moncton owes most of its size and importance, and McAdam its 

 very existence, for the latter happeai'S to fall in a spot in which no set- 

 tlement whatever would exist apart from the railroad junction. 



In another way railroad construction has had an important influ- 

 ence upon settlement in this Province, namely through the granting of 

 great tracts of land as railway subsidies. Some tracts, in western York 

 County, were thus granted the St. Andrews and Quebec Railroad, but 

 the most important of these grants by far, were those made to the 

 Quebec and New Brunswick Eailway (later the New Brunswick, and 

 now the Canadia-n Pacific), which received 10,000 acres per mile of 

 road constructed, of some of the most valuable lands of the Province, 

 in the Counties of Carleton, Victoria and Madawaska, constituting the 

 greater part of the two latter counties. The limits of these great grants, 

 made at intervals between 1873 and 1879, are shown upon the accom- 

 panying map (No. 16). Now, the company has found it most profitable 

 to keep its lands in a wilderness state, deriving its revenue from the 

 sale of timber; and consequently little or none of these lands have been 

 settled, and they act as a preventive of the expansion of the settlements 

 in their vicinity. This has caused so much discontent, that, in 1902, 

 the government proposed to buy back thesie lands to throw them open 

 for settlement, but so far no agreement has been reached except in the 

 case of a small tract in Madawaska, which, in 1903, was purchased by 

 the Province from the railroad company and thrown open for settlement. 



B. Sociological Factors. 



These factors in general were as in the preceding period. The New 

 Brunswick people have, however, been now so long in the country that 

 there has been time for the environment to affect their racial character. 

 The consideration of this very important and interesting subject, how- 

 ever, does not belong here, and I hope later to treat it elsewhere. A 

 single new shire town was established in this period, Edmundston for 

 Madawaska. 



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