12 ROYAL SOCIEIY OF CANADA 



The governing of the machinery has been highl}' successful and this 

 has been favoured by the Westinghouse Company's judicious arrangement 

 of the material acting as a flj^-wheel. whereby more fly-wheel effect is 

 obtained than was deemed absolutely necessar}" by Messrs. Faesch and 

 Piccard, the designei-s of the turbines, who called for a minimum effect 

 of PF-— 1,100,000,000, whereas the Westinghouse Company succeeded 

 in obtaining a fly-wheel effect of PF"'^ 1,274,000,000, within the limit of 

 Aveight to be balanced by the Avater, F being the weight in lbs. at the 

 radius of gyration of the revolving parts, and V the velocity in feet per 

 second. 



One of the interesting features connected with the design of the 

 dynamo was the discovery b}' the Westinghouse Co. that for the field 

 ring, a nickel steel containing a smaller proportion of nickel than is usual 

 for armour plates, etc., proved to be particularly well qualified magneti- 

 call}- for this use, the steel serving a better purpose than the best iron. 



The revolving parts of the dj^namo and of the water Avheel, taken 

 conjointly, weigh 160,000 lbs., and this weight is carried entirely by 

 water pressing against as much of the surface of the upper water wheel 

 (there being two wheels to each machine) as is necessary to support the 

 weight. There is only about 6,000 lbs. ditt'erence between the maximum 

 and minimum upward pressure, so that when the dynamo is running with 

 no load there is an upward pressure against the rings of the collar thrust 

 equal to about 3,000 lbs., and when running at full load, thei-e is a down- 

 ward pressure of about 3,000 lbs. At 3,500 horse power, the vertical 

 shaft is perfectly balanced by the water and there is nu pressure what- 

 ever upon the rings of the thrust bearing. 



In Mr. Stilhvell's paper in ''Cassier's Magazine" of July, 1895, it is 

 stated that it was very fortunate that when these machines were de- 

 signed the Bethlehem Iron Company had perfected their largest forg- 

 ing press, which at that time seems to have been the lai-gest in the world, 

 and which enabled them to turn out the nickel steel field rings forged 

 without a weld, 11 feet Ih in diameter, and having a width on the face of 

 about 50 inches. They were forged from nickel steel ingots 54 inches in 

 diameter at the bottom, 197 inches long, and weighing about 120,000 lbs., 

 these being cast solid and compressed b}' hydraulic pressure after the 

 manner proposed by Sir Jo-seph Whitworth. The ingot had a hole bored 

 through its internal axis and a block of ])r()per weight was thus taken 

 from it, when it was expanded on a mandril under a 14,000 ton hydraulic 

 press. It was rough turned by the Bethlehem Company and finally 

 finished at Pittsburg by the Westinghouse Company. Not only are the 

 physical properties of the ring extraordinary, and its size without 

 precedent, but to those interested in the remarkable improvement in the 

 quality of steel and the methods of working it, the value which attaches 

 to this rin" as an example of the finished product of the Bethlehem Iron 



