30 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
thousand souls by 1825, when the exodus from the Highlands practi- 
cally ceased. A number of Scotch immigrants were also brought into 
Prince Edward by Lord Selkirk, whose name is intimately connected 
with the first settlement of the Red River Valley in the Northwest, so 
long a preserve for fur-traders. Among the Loyalists of 1783-84 there 
was a considerable number of Scotch birth, and their number in Glen- 
garry was augmented in 1804 by a disbanded regiment, the Glengarry 
Fencibles, induced to immigrate by their chaplain, Alexander Mac- 
donell, afterwards the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Upper Canada. 
At the close of the wars with Napoleon and the United States the tide of 
immigration gathered strength. A large number of discharged soldiers 
and officers, among whom were many Scotch, found their way to Upper 
Canada and established what were long known as the military settle- 
ments, notably in the Perth and London districts. Representatives of 
the same nationality also made homes for themselves in the Hastern 
Townships, where emigrants from the adjoining states had prevailed. 
Until 1837, when immigration almost ceased, a considerable number of 
Scotch came out from year to year, and settled chiefly in Upper Canada 
where the inducements for agriculture were greater than in the other 
provinces. The Chartist and Radical risings in Great Britain disturbed 
trade most injuriously and forced many people to seek employment in 
the new world. Lanark County was in this way largely settled by Glas- 
gow and Paisley weavers. 
The Irish immigration was small until about 1823, when it com- 
menced to be large as a consequence of great depression in Ireland where 
the increasing use of machinery temporarily disturbed the conditions of 
labour. Many of these people were Roman Catholics, but in 1829 Ul- 
ster Protestants in considerable numbers found, their way to ;Upper 
Canada rather than remain in Ireland where Catholic Emancipation had 
been carried. In the nine years preceding 1837, two hundred and sixty- 
three thousand and eighty-nine British and Irish immigrants arrived 
at Quebec, and in one year alone there were over fifty thousand. Of 
this number, the Irish formed a very considerable proportion. From 
1830 until 1832 inclusive, fifty thousand English, Scotch and Irish immi- 
grants increased the population of Upper Canada. Owing to the politi- 
cal troubles in Canada, immigration fell to four thousand nine hundred 
and ninety-two persons in 1838. 
The character of this immigration varied considerably, but on the 
whole the thrifty and industrious formed a fair proportion. In 1838 
they must have been of a superior class, since they deposited three 
hundred thousand sovereigns or nearly a million and a half of dollars in 
the Upper Canadian banks. Military men, however, as a rule did not 
