24% ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
and, by pressure upon the aboriginal Iberic and Celtic population, com- 
pelled it in part at least to seek a new home in the west. If, in the two- 
fold version of the Guanches’ tradition of their origin, the Arab were 
put in the place of the Roman, that tradition would better satisfy the 
conditions of history. As islanders, well accustomed to a coasting life 
upon the ocean, their boats must have been fitted to endure rough 
weather. A north east wind would soon bring them into a line with 
the tropic of Cancer, and a course due west would bring them past the 
peninsula of Florida to the Mexican coast. 
Toltecs and Olmecs have alike disappeared from Mexican ethnology, 
save as names belonging to past history. There were two Toltec king- 
doms, that of Culhuacan, which began in 717, and that’ of Tollan com- 
mencing thirty-five years later. The first came to an end with the flight 
of Nauhyotl IT., in 1072, just ten years after the overthrow of Huemac 
III., and the destruction of his kingdom of Tollan. The survivors of 
these kingdoms wandered southwards towards the Isthmus. It is a 
peculiar coincidence that Garcilasso makes Peruvian history begin with 
Manco-Capac who reigned from 1021 till 1062, when he was followed by 
Sinchi-Rocca. But Montesinos represents Manco-Capac as a prehistoric 
monarch, placing him some five hundred years after the deluge, and 
makes Inca-Rocca, the Sinchi-Rocca of Garcilasso, the beginner of a 
new order of things. The kingdom had decayed and a state of anarchy 
reigned, when a princess of the blood royal brought young Inca-Rocca, 
her son, from the ridge of Chingana, near Cuzco, and induced the Peru- 
vian people to accept him as the head of their royal line. This princess 
was called Mama-Ciboca. Inca-Rocca began to reign in Peru in the 
year 1062, the very year in which the Toltec kingdom of Tollan came 
toanend. There can be little doubt that the Peruvians consisted chiefly 
of the fugitive Toltecs and Olmecs from Tollan and Potonchan, as the 
Inca title and the Aymara tribal name indicate. 
Rivero and Tschudi, in their Peruvian antiquities, thus describe the 
Aymara skull. “The longitudinal or true diameter (from the globella 
to the junction of the third middle and parietal bones) is found to be, 
with respect to the transverse diameter, in the proportion of 1 to 1:3. 
The inclination of the forehead to the first diameter is 45 degrees. The 
inclination of the lower portion of the occipital bone fromethe foramen 
magnum to the upper semicircular line is only 17 degrees; from this last 
to the upper fifth part of the occipital bone is 55, and the inclination 
of the upper fifth is 85 degrees. The line before named, drawn from the 
junction of the coronal suture with the longitudinal to the base, will 
pass behind the mastoid process, and is met by its corresponding opposite 
