248 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
and the barbarous tribes of the Isthmus, and traversed the Pacific coasts 
of New Granada and Ecuador, till they made their first settlement at 
Olmos in north-western Peru. Thence they spread southwards, the 
Olmecs or Aymaras leading as far as Titicaca and Bolivia, while, if 
Peruvian historians are to be believed, the Toltecs under the name of 
Quichuas, revived empire at Cuzco, within the limits of the same year. 
The Quichua name is no doubt that of Sheshai, the eldest son of Anak 
or the original Inca. Here again the Aymara or Olmec distinguished 
himself as a builder, road maker, and artificer in many kinds of work, 
all in subjection. to the Incas, and here he preserved to himself and 
lent abroad the radicals of his Cymric speech, and the traditions of 
ancient days that link the Celts all the world over. 
V. WELSH INDIANS. 
That there were and are Welsh or at least Cymric Indians we have 
seen in our history of the Olmecs or Aymaras. Whether a modern 
Welshman or Breton would understand the Aymaras of to-day, I cannot 
tell, yet so thoroughly Cymric is the Aymara tongue, that an educated 
Cymro, accustomed to dialectic differences, could hardly fail to perceive 
that the Aymara was a long lost brother. He is a South American, 
however, and the Welsh Indian of tradition belongs to the northern con- 
tinent. Are the Aymaras and their congeners of Peru and Bolivia the 
only remnants of the Mexican Olmecs? Did any portion of the fleet 
that left the Canaries for the west touch the shore of Florida and land 
its crews there, while the rest went on to Santa Cruz; or, at the disper- 
sion in 1062, did any of the Olmecs pass into the north and west, while 
the main body travelled southwards with the Toltecs ? These ques- 
tions are capable of being answered, but only by an exhaustive study of 
the aboriginal tribes of North America, their languages, and their 
history. 
The tradition of the White Man was universal in civilized America 
long prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. Modern travellers have 
noticed a marked difference in the complexion of certain Indian tribes 
to which they have given the title of White Indians. Such tribes are 
the Tuscaroras among the Iroquois, and the Mandans among the Da- 
kotas. Numerous writers upon the maritime expedition of Prince 
Madoc ap Owen from Wales to the western world in 1170 have gathered 
together the fragmentary traditions of Welsh speaking Indians, whom 
they have regarded as the descendants of himself and his followers. But 
we have seen that there were speakers of a Cymric tongue in Mexico 
before 717, and in Peru since 1062, more than a century prior to Madoc’s 
