256 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
It is more than a mere coincidence that there should occur among 
the Pujunan tribes those named Olla, Koloma, Kulmeh, and Kulomum, 
perpetuating the Olmec name, though generally with a guttural initial. 
Anyone who possesses a knowledge of Indian tribal nomenclature must 
_ be aware of the rarity of this combination of 1 and m. Major Powell’s 
Moquelumnan family, that lies immediately south of the Pujunan, has 
an Olamentke division, and tribes named Olumpali, Olowidok, Olowit, 
and Olowiya. These are, no doubt, Olmec remnants, and their vocabu- 
laries, although brief, bear out the contention, but at present, I forbear 
to bring them into the comparison. In the appended comparative 
vocabulary of Yuman, Pujunan, and Kulanapan words with corres- 
ponding terms in Peruvian, Berber, and Celtic, many striking coinei- 
dences are found. My vocabularies of the Arizonan and Californian 
tongues, on the one hand, and of the Berber, on the other, are small. 
It is, therefore, indicative of definite relationship on the part of the 
Yuma, Pujuni and Kulanapo tribes to the Olmec colony, that no fewer 
than seventy, out of a little more than a hundred North American 
words, should be found in substantial agreement with the Berber. The 
Berber word for the number ten is markoum, but the Pujunan markum 
denotes five. The explanation of the difference is found in an old Celtic 
root, the Erse mear, meirceann, which denotes a finger or the fingers. 
The application of the terms hand or fingers to the numbers five and 
ten in decimal notation is almost universal throughout the languages 
of the world. Sir John Bowring furnishes numerous illustrations of 
this in his book on “The Decimal System,” which thus begins: “Every 
human being—man, woman and child—has been provided with a set 
of decimal machines, in the shape of fingers and toes, which even from 
early childhood, and among the rudest nations, have been used for the 
purposes of account. Ovid speaks of the fingers with which we are 
accustomed to enumerate—the word digits, in its Latin signification, 
meaning equally fingers and arithmetical figures. So, in German, 
Zehen is used alike for tens and toes.” The Berber took the meirceann, 
fingers or toes, to represent those of both hands or both feet, that is ten, 
while the Pujunan restricted the term to those of one member only, 
or five. 
The unusual Yuman word aycutch to designate a man can only be a 
corruption of the equally rare Berber erghaz or erghats, which in the 
Celtic of Scotland and Ireland became fearachas, manhood. The Welsh 
lloer, the moon, has the same origin as the Yuman hullyar denoting 
the same thing, and the Peruvian coyllur which means a star; but the 
Yuman hutchar, a star, is nearest to the Berber gethra. The Pujunan 
