138 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
townships of Gloucester and Nepean, also at Chelsea and Cumberland. 
The Montreal Saxicava sand formation as mapped out by Sir.W. E. 
Logan extends up the Ottawa Valley west as far as Chalk River Station, 
al, which place conspicuous sand plains occur which may be taxonomi- 
cally related to the St. Maurice sands of the higher levels in the province 
of Quebec. 
The most recent formations occurring in the Ottawa Valley consist 
of white shell marl deposits, river and lake gravels and sands, as well as 
alluvium and other deposits including Æolian or wind-drifted dune 
sand. The shell-marl deposits of Hemlock Lake, Hintonburg and the 
Mer Bleue with its peat, which some day will no doubt prove a source of 
great revenue as fuel, contain numerous organic forms and pre-historic 
remains of the aborigines of Canada which belonged to the Algonquin 
or Huron tribes are found along with remains of the beaver, deer, bear, 
in the newest or overlying deposits throughout the district. Light- 
house Island, Lake Deschénes, near Tétreauville, Hull and Casselman, 
are the most interesting sites of ancient Indian villages or camping and 
burying grounds about Ottawa. 
CITY OF QUEBEC. 
The environs of Quebec city have long been regarded as classic 
ground to the student of North American geology, through the writ- 
ings of Sir William Logan, Dr. Bigsby, Mr. E. Billings, Dr. Sterry Hunt, 
Sir William Dawson, Ebenezer Emmons, Prof. Jas. Hall, Prof. Walcott, 
Prof. Marcou, Dr. Ells, Prof. Lapworth and many others on the geology 
of Quebec, and much diversity of opinion has arisen. The natural and 
true succession of geological formations in and about Quebec city has 
afforded fertile topic for discussion, owing to the intricate and complex 
nature of the stratigraphy. (Vide Table IIL., p. 169). 
Considerable work remains to be accomplished in this peculiarly 
interesting district before the various problems at issue are solved. 
Within a radius of twenty miles from Quebec city, besides the Archean 
or Laurentian rocks, which are so extensively and well developed, north 
of the St. Lawrence and Quebec city in the Laurentide Hills, of which 
Mount Ste. Anne and other prominent peaks form conspicuous features 
in the landscape, there are no less than seven distinct palæozoïc forma- 
tions occurring about Quebec city. They include the Sillery, Levis and 
Quebec formations, which three divisions form an ascending series of 
fossiliferous sediments occupying a position in the time scale from the 
summit of the Cambrian system to an horizon in the Ordovician, the 
precise position of which is still an open question, but includes an hori- 
zon about the age of the Lower Trenton and possibly higher. 

