146 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
accompanied the thrusting which was developed, and caused the older 
formations of the Ordovician to butt against the newer Ordovician 
strata and even made it appear to be above or newer. 
Near Cap Tourmente, immediately north of the farm of the Petit 
Séminaire de Québec the shales of the Lorraine formation may be well 
seen to abut against the evidently faulted bluff of the Archæan indicat- 
ing an extensive faulting that must have taken place probably between 
the close to the Palæozoic period, and subsequent to the deposition of 
the Lorraine formation. 
THE Post-TERTIARY OR QUATERNARY SYSTEM. 
The superficial deposits about Quebec city present very generally 
the same features which prevail throughout the valleys of the St. Law- 
rence and Ottawa rivers. The glacial or boulder clays which form the 
oldest series of this system made up of more or less coherent detritus, 
were brought down and deposited over the underlying rock formations 
unconformably by glacial action. The ice which brought this detritus 
was no doubt that of the great Labradorean glacier, but its action has 
been ascertained to be much weaker in this portion of Canada, than in 
the west, owing to the probable existence of marine conditions at a 
much higher level. The glacial or boulder clays scattered over the 
glaciated Archean and Ordovician floor are referable to the Labrador 
formation. For a list of glacial striæ, indicating the direction of the 
movement of the ice, in the district surrounding Quebec, the character 
of the till and the kames noted, the reader is referred to Mr. A. P. 
Low’s report already cited, pp. 48 L—d4 L. 
Overlying the boulder clays of the Labrador formation are met the 
marine stratified clays and sands referred to the Leda clay and Saxicava 
sands formations of most writers, which may be grouped under the 
formational name ‘“‘ Champlain Formation.” Desor had proposed the 
term Lawrencian formation to be applied to the stratified deposits of the 
St. Lawrence valley, and its western extension in the Ottawa Valley, but 
on account of the obvious similarity of this term to the term Laur- 
entian in pronunciation the name Lawrencian had to be dropped. 
At Beauport, the lower marine sands are found to be highly 
fossiliferous. Not less that fifty species have been determined and 
listed by Sir William Dawson. The marine sands and gravels overlying 
the clays have been detected at an elevation of 600 feet above the 
present sea level. At Beauport, an upper and a lower sand and gravel 
formation is recorded. The silts, tidal accumulations of sand and gravel, 

