[amr ] SYNOPSIS OF THE GEOLOGY OF CANADA 221 
local glaciers down the valley and along the lines of drainage into the 
St. Lawrence valley on the one hand, and the Baie de Chaleur, gulf of 
St. Lawrence, and St. John valley, on the other. The glacial deposits 
of the Acadian region of early pleistocene or glacial period proper, con- 
sist of typical boulder-clay or till, moraines, boulders, erratics, drumlins, 
&e., derived from pre-glacial rotted rock in situ angular boulders, gravel, 
sand, etc., which are known to have existed in sporadic masses and 
detached sheets in many portions of this region.” It thus appears that 
local glaciers covered the greater portion of this region where to-day 
glacial striæ, boulders and other phenomena of the glaciation are every- 
where evident. The nature and character of the boulder-clays depend 
upon the rocks characterizing the formations to be found in the valleys — 
in which the glaciers travelled, so that at Pleasant ridge, in Northum- 
berland county, N.B., for instance, in a limited area, Mr. Chalmers 
records the following number and variety of boulders: Granite, 88; 
diorite, 80; slate, 40; gneiss, 16; felsite, 12; quartz, 4. Among the 
glaciers described by Chalmers there are the Baie de Chaleur glacier, 
the Northumberland glacier, the Chignecto glacier, and the St. John 
valley glacier; which latter was the largest of the sheets occupying 
Canadian territory south of the St. Lawrence valley. Its source or 
nevé-ground was in the highlands of northern Maine, of the eastern 
townships of Quebec, and north-western N. B. At the close of the 
glacial period the St. Lawrence valley was probably an open channel 
as far west as the Thousand islands, where ice flowed in from the north 
and south, whilst land glaciers existed south of the estuary and gulf of 
St. Lawrence, in the elevated regions. Similar phenomena of glacial 
erosion and deposition followed by marine submergence and fossili- 
ferous clay deposits occur on the island of Newfoundland. It is inter- 
esting to note that there are no evidences of Pleistocene ice action on 
the Magdalen islands, no boulder-clay ee as yet been recorded or 
observed in that group. 
Post-glacial earth movements are de by Dr. Matthew from 
near St. John, N.B. 
The Laurentian Highlands.—The Tapas peninsula, during the 
glacial period, must have been covered with a great thickness of land ice 
which scattered the subjacent materials for drift into the valleys and 
fiords over a wide area of these Laurentian Highlands, extending in a 
south-westerly direction, over the Lawrencian Lowlands of Quebec and 
Ontario. Mr. A. P. Low observes that the striæ and other glacial phen- 
omena between Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay show that the region was 
completely covered with ice during the glacial period, and that the ice 
