229 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
moved outward and downward from a narrow nevé near the present 
watershed. 
The ice sheet which covered this peninsula has been termed the 
 Labradorean glacier.’ The lower portions of the country traversed 
by Mr. Low are everywhere more or less covered with a mantle of boulder- 
clay or till, the hill-tops are for the most part bare, a tail of drift being 
deposited on the lee side. Lenticular hills or drumlins are not infre- 
quent, and more or less parallel to the direction of the striæ. Erratics, 
eskars, or ridges of modified drift, occur between Hudson Bay, and the 
watershed. On the west side of Hudson Bay, Tyrrell has described the 
Keewatin glacier, a name applied to the ice sheet which covered the 
central continental Archean area. This glacier flowed outward from 
a gathering ground which lay north or north-west of Doobaunt lake 
during early glacial times, but subsequently changed its gathering ground 
and moved south-eastward to the country between Doobaunt and Yath- 
kyed lakes. From these centres the ice seems to have flowed westward 
and south-westward to within a short distance of the base of the Rocky 
mountains, southward for more than 1600 miles to Iowa and Illinois; 
eastward into the basin of Hudson Bay; and northward into the Arctic 
ocean. ; 
To the drift from the great Labrador peninsula and glacier the 
term Labrador formation is ascribed and for the sheet of till spread over 
the central portion of North America by the Keewatin glacier the term 
Rupert formation is suggested in order to designate its transported 
materials as we find them unmodified at the present time.” 
The Lawrencian Lowlands.—As mentioned above, the boulder-clay 
or till, occupies the bottom of the valley of the St. Lawrence river con- 
stituting the Labrador formation, and underlies the newer marine clays 
and sands almost everywhere throughout its hydrographic basin. In On- 
tario, boulder-clays also occur in which the pebbles belong to all the 
formations present from the Archæan to the Devonian, and are super- 
imposed by the Frie clay, which in turn is overlaid by the Saugeen clay 
and sands, also the Artemisia gravel and Algoma sand, besides the recent 
alluvial deposits overlying all. In the vicinity of Toronto, Prof. Cole- 
man has recorded two boulder-clays interstratified with fossiliferous clays 
and sands to which the name Toronto formation has been applied. An 
interesting Pleistocene flora has recently been described by Prof. Pen- 
hallow from the Scarborough and Toronto beds, as well as from the 
Ottawa valley. Sir Wm. Dawson’s work in Canadian Pleistocene geo- 
Icgy is of great value and indispensable to the student. 
1 The term Keewatin has been applied by Lawson to rocks of Archean age. 

