Yeasts in Marine Environments 337 



TABLE 3 

 Yeasts isolated from species of marine fish 



BISCAYNE BAY, FLORIDA 



Candida guUliermondii 

 C. parapsilosis 

 Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 

 Rhodotorula sp. 

 Trichosporon cutaneum 

 Debaryomyces kloeckeri 

 Debaryomyces minuta 

 Hanseniaspora valbyensis 

 Hansenula anomala 

 BIMINI, BAHAMAS 

 Candida parapsilosis 

 C. tropicalis 

 Rhodotorula glutinis 

 R. minuta 

 Trichosporon cutaneum 



Many of the yeasts that have been encountered in the sea 

 probably constitute transients (e.g., C. tropicalis, C. kriisei, and 

 T. cutaneum) that depend on the proximit)^ of land for their 

 presence and even survival. Alternatively, they may be of cos- 

 mopolitan distribution (e.g., C parapsilosis, C. guilliermondii, 

 Cryptococcus spp. and Rhodotorula spp), inhabiting terrestrial, 

 estuarian, and open ocean environments. Yeasts isolated from 

 estuarian and true marine locales have been found to be indis- 

 tinguishable from recognized terrestrial forms. The fact that tests 

 have not indicated any major metabolic or physiological differ- 

 ences between yeasts isolated from terrestrial and marine en- 

 virons raises the question as to what constitutes a marine yeast. 

 For a bacterium to be considered as a true marine fomi demands 

 that in primary culture it demonstrate optimal growth in media 

 prepared with sea water, and conversely that growth fails in 

 fresh water. This criterion has been successfully employed in 

 delineating most marine bacteria. In our experience, no yeast 

 marine species by applying this criterion, as all yeasts encountered 

 yet isolated from the marine situation can be declared a true 

 grow equally well in either medium. Regardless of composition it 



