VIII. EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY IN ANIMALS 269 



VIII. Effects of Deficiency in Animals 



iMAHV ELIZABETH REID 



A. OUTSTANDING DISCOVERIES 



The following iliscoveries constitute milestones marking progress in our 

 knowledge of the nutritional aspects of ascorbic acid. Many of the findings 

 are concerned with the development of new methods of approach to critical 

 problems in the fields of phj'siology, morphology, pathology, and biochem- 

 istry. 

 1530 — Cartier' while exploring the St. Lawrence River saved many of his 



crew from scur^'y by feeding them an infusion made from pine 



needles. 

 1 753 — Lind- established that scurvy can be prevented or cured by fresh 



fruits or vegetables in the diet. 

 1907 — Hoist and Frohlich^ produced experimental scurvy in the guinea 



pig- 

 1915 — Ingier^ showed experimentally the effects of scurvy on pregnane}^ 

 and on the young. 



1919 — Zilva and Wells* showed that the teeth are among the first, if not 



the first, organs to be affected by the deficiency. 



1920 — Parsons^ presented convincing evidence that the rat can synthe- 



size the vitamin. 



1924 — Hojer'^ demonstrated that microscopic changes in the teeth of guinea 

 pigs could be used as a method of assaying for the antiscorbutic 

 substance. 



1926 — Wolbach and Howe^ presented experimental evidence that scurvy 

 in guinea pigs is associated with failure in the formation of inter- 

 cellular substance. 



1928 — Szent-Gyorgyi^ isolated a "hexuronic" acid from adrenals. 



1930 — Dalldorf and Zall'" showed that the rate of growth of the incisor 

 teeth of guinea pigs is closely related to the vitamin C intake. 



' H. P. Biggar, The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. Publications of Public .\ichives 



of Canada, No. 11, 1924. 

 ^ J. Lind, Treatise on Scurvy, 2nd ed. A. Millar, London, 1757. 

 ' A. Hoist and T. Frohlich, J. Hyg. 7, 634 (1907). 



* A. Ingier, ./. Exptl. Med. 21, 525 (1915). 



* S. S. Zilva and F. M. Wells, Proc. Roy. Snc. (London) B90, 505 (1919). 

 « H. T. Parsons, J. Biol. Cficm. 44, 587 (1920). 



' J. A. Hojer, Acta Pnediat. Snppl. 3, 8 (1924). 

 « S. B. Wolbach and P. R. Howe, Arch. Pathol. 1, 1 (1926). 

 9 A. Szent-Gyorgyi, Biochem. J. 22, 1387 (1928). 

 '« G. Dalldorf and C. Zall, ./. Exptl. Med. 52, 57 (1930). 



