88 PTEROYLGLUTAMIC ACID 



Page 



A. Chemical JVIethods 161 



B. Microbiological Methods 162 



1. Extraction from Tissues and Hydrolysis of Conjugates .... 163 



2. Microbiological Procedures 167 



VII. Standardization of Activity 168 



VIII. Occurrence in Foods 168 



IX. Effects of Deficiency 171 



A. In Animals 171 



1. Rats 171 



2. Chicks 175 



3. Monkeys 180 



4. Pigs 186 



5. Mice 189 



6. Guinea Pigs 189 



7. Mink 189 



8. Dogs 189 



9. Foxes 190 



10. Insects 190 



11. Relation between PGA and Ascorbic Acid 191 



12. Endocrine Relationships of PGA 195 



13. Role of Citrovorum Factor in Animal Nutrition 197 



B. In Microorganisms 199 



1. Metabolism of Rhizopterin 200 



2. Microbiological Activity of Citrovorum Factor 201 



C. In Man ' 202 



1. Nutritional Macrocytic Anemia 203 



2. Idiopathic Refractory Megaloblastic Anemia or Achrestic Anemia 205 



3. Megaloblastic Anemia of Pregnancy and the Puerperium . . . 205 



4. Megaloblastic Anemia of Infancy 207 



5. Sprue and Idiopathic Steatorrhea 208 



6. Megaloblastic Anemias Believed To Be Due Primarily to Lack of 

 Vitamin B12 209 



7. Induced PGA Deficiency in Man 213 



8. Summary 215 



X. Pharmacology 216 



A. Actions and Uses 216 



B. Dose 216 



C. Toxicity 216 



XI. Requirements and Factors Influencing Them 217 



A. Of Animals 217 



B. Of Man 217 



