IX. EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY 185 



other known B vitamins and ascorbic acid. These levels of PGA produce 

 a rise in white cells and an increase in growth, but the hemoglobin does not 

 rise to normal. Feeding of whole liver produces complete restoration of 

 hemoglobin. One marked characteristic of this syndrome is a reversal of 

 the normal ratio of neutrophiles to lymphocytes. It seems possible that the 

 levels of PGA used in these experiments were near the marginal level and 

 that the response produced by the liver may have been due to its PGA 

 content. This is supported by the observations of Smith and Elvehjem^^ 

 that 0.5 to 1.0 mg. of PGA per day completely eliminated the need for the 

 monkey anti-anemia factor. This was about five to ten times the amount 

 needed for maintenance. Once the animals had been "cured" by 1.0 mg. 

 of PGA per day, they could be maintained with 0.10 mg. per day. A metha- 

 nol extract of hver which furnished only 4 7 of PGA per day produced a 

 transient response. This amount of liver extract was able to maintain the 

 blood picture when supplemented with 50 7 of PGA. Although the assay- 

 able amounts of PGA in the methanol extract were low, the possible pres- 

 ence of PGA conjugates cannot be ruled out. Other liver extracts have been 

 reported which gave PGA-like responses in excess of their assayable PGA 

 content. Thus the chick factors vitamins Bio and Bn were liver fractions 

 which contained only traces of assayable B12 . However, it was reported 

 that in the presence of sufficient PGA vitamins Bio and Bu were no longer 

 required by the chick.^° Certain parenteral liver extracts have also been 

 found which have a greater effect on the granulocyte count of sulfonamide- 

 fed rats than can be accounted for by their PGA content.''^ 



It is apparent that the monkey does not need the monkej' anti-anemia 

 factor for maintenance, since purified basal diet supplemented with 100 7 

 of PGA per day and without anj' additional source of the monkey anti- 

 anemia factor is adequate for growth and maintenance of a normal blood 

 picture. The requirement for this has been shown only during the stress of 

 a deficiency of PGA or of riboflavin.'' 



The possibility exists that the monkey anti-anemia factor is the citro- 

 vorum factor, since the latter has been shown to be more active than PGA 

 for the monkej' in the anemia induced by ascorbic acid deficiency.'- Smith 

 and Elvehjem point out that it is unlikely that the monkey anti-anemia 

 factor is "identical with the citrovorum factor of Sauberlich and Baumann 

 since reticulogen (injectable liver extract) which is a good source of CF is 

 inactive in the monkey" as a source of the anti-anemia factor." However, 



'0 T. D. Luckey, P. R. Moore, C. A. Elvehjem, and E. B. Hart, Science 103, 682 (1946). 



^' J. M. Cooperman, H. A. Waisman, K. B. McCall, and C. A. Elvehjem, J. Nutri- 

 tion 30, 45 (1945). 



" C. D. May, R. D. Sundberg, and F. Schaar, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 36, 963 (1950). 



" W. R. Ruegamer, E. M. Sporn, U. D. Register, and C. A. Elvehjem, /. \utrition 

 36, 405 (1948). 



