X. EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY 385 



observed in tlie ilog. Loss of weight, inusciilar weakness, coma, opacity of 

 the lens, and fatty infiltration of the Hver have been reported J^ 



3. Pigs 



The similarity of Bj deficiency in the pig to hnman pellagra was noted 

 by Hughes'- in 1938, and subsequent reports have highlighted the economic 

 importance of adequate riboflavin in the diet of swine.^*' ^'* Patek et al?^ 

 characterized riboflavin deficienc}^ in the pig as a sjnidrome including re- 

 tarded growth, corneal opacities, dermatitis, changes in the hair and hoofs, 

 and terminal collapse associated with hypoglycemia. These pigs showed 

 changes in the corneal epithelium, lenticular cataracts, hemorrhages of the 

 adrenals, and lipoid degeneration of the proximal convoluted tubules of the 

 kidneys. Mitchell et alJ^ did not find any cataracts or corneal changes but 

 did note anorexia and vomiting in their riboflavin-deficient pigs. They 

 considered the absolute and relative neutrophilic granulocyte concentra- 

 tions in the blood as the most sensitive indices of riboflavin deficiency. 



4. Young Ruminants 



It is generally agreed that ruminants can meet most of their requirement 

 of B-complex vitamins by intestinal synthesis. However, during the first 

 days after birth the rumen of the young animal has not yet reached func- 

 tional capacity, and unless riboflavin is supplied to the feed of j^oung dairy 

 calves, definite signs of riboflavin deficiencj^ develop. Synthetic milk diets 

 have been devised which do not favor normal rumen function.'^ On such 

 diets the dairy calf develops hyperemia of the buccal mucosa, lesions in the 

 corners of the mouth, along the edges of the lips, and around the navel, loss 

 of appetite, scours, excessive salivation and lacrimation, and loss of hair.^^"^^ 

 Pounden and Hibbs^" have observed that the t^'pe of ration fed to calves 

 was a controlling factor in the development of riboflavin-producing flora 

 and fauna^^ in the rumen. 



" A. E. Schaefer, C. K. Whitehair, and C. A. Elvehjem, /. Nutrition 34, 131 (1947). 



" E. H. Hughes, Hilgardia 11, 595 (1938). 



" E. H. Hughes, J. Nutrition 20, 233 (1940). 



'^M. M. Wintrobe, Atn. J. Physiol. 126, 375 (1939). 



" A. J. Patek, Jr., J. Post, and J. Victor, Am. J. Physiol. 133, 47 (1941). 



^« H. H. Mitchell, B. C. Johnson, T. S. Hamilton, and W. T. Haines, J. Nutrition 41, 



317 (1950). 

 ■' A. C. Wiese, B. C. Johnson, H. H. Mitchell, and W. B. Nevens, /. Nutrition 33, 



263 (1947). 

 " R. G. Warner and T. S. Sutton, J. Dairy Sci. 31, 976 (1948). 

 ^9 G. J. Brisson and T. S. Sutton, /. Dairy Sci. 34, 28 (1951). 

 8° W. D. Pounden and J. W. Hil)hs, ./. Dairy Sci. 30, 5<S2 (1947). 

 " W. D. Pounden and J. W. Hibbs, J. Dairy Sci. 31, 1041 (1948). 



