TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Preface vii 



I ntroductioii 1 



Historical survey 2 



Marion expedition 6 



Floating ice — sea and land 7 



Sea ice 8 



The physical properties of sea ice 8 



Ice terminology 14 



Classification of sea ice 17 



Three forms of sea ice 21 



Fast ice 21 



Polar cap ice 25 



Pack ice 32 



The Spitsbergen pack 34 



The east Greenland pack 35 



The eastern North American pack 40 



Baffin Bay ])ack 42 



H udson Bay pack 49 



Pack ice along Labrador and Newfoundland coasts. 51 



Pack ice on the Grand Bank 53 



The Gulf of St. Lawrence pack 55 



Annual variations in the limits of pack ice 57 



Land ice 60 



Glaciation in Arctic Eurasia 62 



Glaciation in Ellesmere Land 65 



Glaciation in Axel Heiljerg Land 68 



Glaciation in Devon Island 68 



Glaciation in Bylot Island 69 



Glaciation in Baffin Land 69 



Glaciation in Greenland 70 



East Greenland glaciers 73 



Drift and distribution of east Greenland icebergs 74 



The north Greenland glaciers 78 



The glaciers Cape Alexander to Cape York 81 



The glaciers Cape York to Svartenhuk Peninsula 82 



The glaciers of North East Bay and Disko Bay 85 



Jacobshavn Fjord and glacier 91 



The south Greenland glaciers 94 



Rate of productivity of west Greenland glaciers 94 



Manner in which icebergs calve 97 



Form and size of bergs 100 



Structure and color and density of icebergs 108 



The disintegration and melting of icebergs 112 



Visibility and mirage 127 



Current and wind control drift of icebergs 128 



The general drift and fate of icebergs in the western North Atlantic 136 



Distributicjn and rlrift of bergs in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait 138 



Drift of bergs south of Newfoundland 150 



Methods employed to protect trans- Atlantic shipping from the ice 



menace 168 



Seasonal character of the ice invasions to the North Atlantic 176 



Annual variations in the number of icebergs past Newfoundland 180 



Annual amounts of glacial ice and sea ice 189 



Effect of northern ice on temi:)erature and circulation of the waters 



of the North Atlantic 191 



Bibliographv 205 



Index ^ 217 



V 



