SCIENTIFIC EESULTS 205 



sea energy is synoiiyiiious with current. The smooth curving trend 

 of the eastern Xorth American slope, from Florida to Nantucket, 

 for example, is responsible for the riverlike character of the Gulf 

 Stream described in such striking terms by Maurv. The Gulf 

 Stream parallels the coast of Xorway, because a dynamic gradient 

 l)revails between light coastal waters and the off-shore oceanic water 

 there also. The energy that is imparted in moving the water par- 

 ticles of the Gulf Stream off Sognef jorcl, Xorway, is just as vital for 

 the survival of the current as is the impetus that was given to these 

 same particles during their sojourn in the Caribbean. It has been 

 estimated that the forced momentum of the current pouring north- 

 ward out of the Florida Strait would die one-quarter the distance 

 to Cape Hatteras were it not sustained by gradient forces. When 

 the Gulf Stream, on its inner side, after passing the Grand Bank, 

 bends to the northward (in toward Newfoundland), it does so 

 because at that time and place there exists a contrast in the density 

 of the oceanic masses. (See Defant 1929, p. IG.) Ice melting over 

 the North American and east Greenland shelves helps to accentuate 

 the contrasts between coastal and oceanic waters, thereby intensify- 

 ing the currents, but emphatically it is not the main cause of propul- 

 sion nor is it even a necessary attribute thereof. 



In conclusion the energizing forces resulting from melting ice are 

 not adequate to produce the circulatory mechanism of the world's 

 oceans; nor is the water directly chilled by melting ice — the chief 

 source of the ocean's bottom water. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



AlTKEN. .T. 



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