X. EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY 101 



changes that occur in the Hvers of pancreatectomized or of duct-Hgated 

 dogs can be prevented by the feeding of pancreas, pancreatic extracts, 

 methionine, chohne, or merely by substituting hydrolyzed casein for the 

 casein of the basal diet;^^^ and, (d) trypsin is a possible factor that ensures 

 the liberation of methionine from dietary protein. ^^* In view of this solution 

 of the problem it is of interest that Ralli and Rubin had noted earlier that 

 pancreatectomized dogs fed extracted meat powder did not develop fatty 

 livers whereas those fed the untreated raw meat did so, a difference believed 

 due to the greater digestibility of the meat powder. ^^^ Haanes and Gyorgy 

 have extended the results of Chaikoff by showing that a highly lipotropic 

 pancreatic fraction without proteolytic activity actually contained trypsin 

 and trypsin inhibitor and that the inhibitor was overcome by enterokinase 

 in duodenal juice.^^® Even though these data represent substantial support 

 for the enzymatic nature of lipocaic, it is possible that other lipotropic sub- 

 stances may occur in pancreas. Schilling et al. have reported the presence 

 in preparations of lipocaic of a non-enzymatic, heat-stable lipotropic ma- 

 terial.*^''' *^^ 



E. OTHER SPECIES 



WENDELL H. GRIFFITH and JOSEPH F. NYC 



An increase in liver fat and an abnormality of gait without retardation 

 of growth were reported in swine after the feeding of a low choline ration. *^^ 

 Choline has been found necessary, in addition to pantothenic acid and py- 

 ridoxine, for protection of pigs from locomotor incoordination resulting 

 from nerve degeneration.*^" Poor reproduction, lactation, and survival of 

 young resulted from feeding sows a choline-deticient ration. *^^ Baby pigs 

 fed a synthetic diet low in choline but containing 0.8 % methionine showed 

 gross symptoms of unthriftiness, were short-legged and pot-l)ellied, lacked 

 coordination of movements and the normal rigidity of joints, and exhibited 

 fatty infiltration of the liver, characteristic renal glomerular occlusion, and 



383 I. L. Chaikoff, C. Entenman, and AI. L. Montgomery, /. Biol. Chem. 168, 177 



(1947). 

 38^ M. L. Montgomery, C. Entenman, I. L. Chaikolf, and H. Feinberg, J . Biol. Chem. 



185, 307 (1950). 



385 E. P. Ralli and S. H. Rubin, Am. J. Phxjsiol. 138, 42 (1942-1943). 



386 M. L. Haanes and P. Gyorgy, Avi. J. Physiol. 166, 441 (1951). 



3" K. Schilling, 1st Intern. Congr. Biochem. Ab.'iir. Commuyis. {Cambridge, Engl.) 

 p. 15 (1949). 



388 p. liruun, II. Dam, and K. Schilling, Acta J'hijsiol. Scand. 20, 319 (1950). 



389 M. M. Wintrobe, M. H. .Miller, R. H. Follis, Jr., H. J. Stein, C. Mushatt, and S. 

 Humphreys, ./. Nutriliun 24, 345 (1942). 



390 N. R. Ellis, L. L. Madsen, and C. O. Miller, ./. Animal. Sci. 2, 365 (1943). 



391 M. E. Ensminger, J. P. Rowland, and T. J. Cunha, J. Animal Sci. 6, 409 (1947). 



