658 PANTOTHENIC ACID 



tion of spermatogenesis and inhibition of skeletal growth), it does not ap- 

 pear that any of the changes reported can be accounted for entirely in this 

 way. 



2. Chicks 



Deficiency signs, now known to be due chiefly to a lack of pantothenic 

 acid, were described in chicks fed heated diets by Kline et al}^ in 1932. 

 Even before this time, studies with chickens had indicated that there were 

 unidentified factors of the B complex yet to be discovered (for example, 

 vitamin B3 of Eddy et alP and the unidentified factor of Norris and co- 

 workers^^' ^^). It is now evident that perhaps a part, but not all, of these 

 early deficiencies can be accounted for by a lack of pantothenic acid. (See 

 the review by Williams.^^) Since 1932, basal diets have been improved for 

 the study of this vitamin and deficiency signs have been more adequately 

 described by a number of workers.^^-i°i That the use of purified or synthetic 

 pantothenic acid in the diet would prevent the occurrence of certain de- 

 ficiency signs was first shown in 1939-1940 by Woolley et aZ.,^*'^' ^"^ 

 Jukes,'"*- 105 Babcock and Jukes,i''« and Stiller et aU^'' 



" O. L. Kline, J. A. Keenan, C. A. Elvehjem, and E. B. Hart, /. Biol. Chem. 99, 295 

 (1932). 



82 W. H. Eddy, S. Gurin, and J. C. Keresztesy, J. Biol. Chem. 87, 729 (1930). 



83 L. C. Norris and A. T. Ringrose, Science 71, 643 (1930). 



8^ A. T. Ringrose, L. C. Norris, and G. F. Heuser, Poultry Sci. 10, 166 (1931). 



85 R. J. Williams, Advances in Enzymol. 3, 253 (1943). 



86 D. M. Hegsted and F. Lipmann, J. Biol. Chem. 174, 89 (1948). 



87 M. E. Coates, J. E. Ford, G. F. Harrison, S. K. Kon, E. E. Shepheard, and F. W. 

 Wilby, Brit. J. Nutrition 6, 75 (1952). 



88 H. A. Waisman, O. Mickelsen, and C. A. Elvehjem, J. Nutrition 18, 247 (1939). 

 83 T. H. Jukes, /. Nutrition 21, 193 (1941). 



9» T. H. Jukes and S. Lepkovsky, /. Biol. Chem. 114, 117 (1936). 



" J. G. Lease and H. T. Parsons, Biochem. J. 28, 2109 (1934). 



82 C. A. Elvehjem and C. J. Koehn, Jr., /. Biol. Chem. 108, 709 (1935). 



93 S. Lepkovsky and T. H. Jukes, J. Biol. Chem. 114, 109 (1936). 



9^ A. T. Ringrose and L. C. Norris, /. Nutrition 12, 553 (1936). 



95 O. Mickelsen, H. A. Waisman, and C. A. Elvehjem, /. Biol. Chem. 124, 313 (1938). 



9«M. K. Dimick and A. Lepp, J. Nutrition 20, 413 (1940). 



" H. A. Waisman, R. C. Mills, and C. A. Elvehjem, /. Nutrition 24, 187 (1942). 



98 T. H. Jukes and L. W. McElroy, Poultry Sci. 22, 438 (1943). 



99 T. Ram, Poultry Sci. 28, 425 (1949). 



i»» J. L. Milligan and G. M. Briggs, Poultry Set. 28, 202 (1949). 



'"1 M. E. Coates, S. K. Kon, and E. E. Shepheard, Brit. J. Nutrition 4, 203 (1950). 



102 D. W. Woolley, H. A. Waisman, and C. A. Elvehjem, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61, 977 



(1939). 

 "3 D. W. Woolley, H. A. Waisman, and C. A. Elvehjem, /. Biol. Chem. 129, 673 (1939). 

 10^ T. H. Jukes, /. Am. Chem. Soc. 61, 975 (1939). 

 los T. H. Jukes, J. Biol. Chem. 129, 225 (1939). 

 106 S. H. Babcock, Jr., and T. H. Jukes, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62, 1628 (1940). 



