IX. EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY 661 



rise to depressed size of embryonic heart and brain and higher concentra- 

 tion of hemoglobin as compared with the normal.'-^ 



It is interesting that there have recently been occasional reports showing 

 that pantothenic acid resulted in small (and often insignificant) growth 

 responses when added to practical poultry rations, chiefly of the corn- 

 soybean oil meal type.^"'^^^ As a result of these reports many feed manu- 

 facturers are today adding supplementary synthetic calcium pantothenate 

 to certain poultry rations, especially turkey starters. In spite of this, at 

 present there is no clear-cut evidence that supplements of this vitamin need 

 to be added routinely to any commercial poultry feed. For every report 

 showing a possible positive effect from pantothenic acid addition there have 

 been many more showing negative results. Obviously, future studies on 

 this aspect are needed. 



3. Turkeys 



Symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency in the turkey poult are similar 

 to those in chickens and include dermatitis of the mouth, adhesions of the 

 eyelids, weakness, lowered growth rate, and, in severe cases, death. ^^^ The 

 deficiency was first studied by Jukes^^^ in 1938, before the availability of 

 pure pantothenic acid. More recent studies, with pure pantothenic acid, 

 have been made by Lepkovsky et at. (1945),^^^ who showed that the require- 

 ment was higher than that of chickens, and by Kratzer and Williams 

 (1948)^^'' who used an improved basal diet. No information is available on 

 pantothenic acid deficiency in the mature turkey, although it could be as- 

 sumed that it is necessary. 



4. Ducks, Pigeons, and Other Fowl 



Probably the first report of a pantothenic acid deficiency in the duck was 

 made by Trager^^^ in 1943, who used a heated grain-casein diet. Deficient 



126 A. Taylor, J. Thacker, and D. Pennington, Science 94, 542 (1941). 



127 J. A. Marvel, C. W. Carrick, R. E. Roberts, and S. M. Hauge, Poultry Set. 24, 253 

 (1945) ; H. R. Bird and M. Rubin, ibid. 25, 87 (1946) ; D. H. Mishler, C. W. Carrick, 

 R. E. Roberts, and S. M. Hauge, ibid. 25, 479 (1946). 



128 A. R. Robblee and D. R. Clandinin, Poultnj Sci. 28, 781 (1949); 29, 777 (1950); 32, 

 579 (1953). 



129 S. J. Slinger, W. F. Pepper, D. C. Hill, and E. S. Snj^der, Poultry Sci. 31, 193 (1952); 

 M. L. Sunde, J. R. Vedvik, H. W. Bruins, and W. W. Cravens, ibid. 31, 571 (1952). 



130 F. H. Kratzer and D. Williams, Poultry Sci. 27, 518 (1948). 



131 T. H. Jukes, Poultry Sci. 17, 227 (1938). 



132 S. Lepkovsky, F. H. Bird, F. H. Kratzer, and V. S. Asmundson, Poultry Sci. 24, 

 335 (1945). 



1" W. Trager, /. Exptl. Med. 77, 557 (1943). 



