IX. EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY 665 



symptoms in swine, although again much of this work was complicated by 

 other vitamin deficiencies. ^^-'^^^ 



As a result of the above-mentioned studies, further clarified by studies 

 made since 1947 with more complete diets, i*^*^"^^^ it may be concluded that 

 the following symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency may be seen in young 

 swine (given approximately in the order of appearance) : excessive lachryma- 

 tion, coughing, decrease in appetite, dermatitis, incoordinated movements 

 of the hind legs and a spastic gait ("goose-stepping" — one of the most 

 characteristic symptoms), dull and roughened hair coat and skin and even- 

 tually some alopecia, brown exudate around the eyes, diarrhea, poor weight 

 gains, loss of sucking reflexes and control of tongue, rectal hemorrhages, 

 and low urinary excretion of pantothenic acid. Postmortem gross examina- 

 tion reveals loss of subcutaneous and internal fat, soft ribs and long bones, 

 and light bone marrow.^^^ Gastritis^^" and diffuse hyperemia, formation of 

 small ulcers, and inflammatory changes of the boweP^^ may also be seen. 



Changes in the tissues may include development of a moderate normo- 

 cytic anemia, a fall in serum chlorides, increase in the carbon dioxide com- 

 bining power of the blood, a terminal rise in non-protein nitrogen, and some- 

 times hypoglycemia. ^^^ A lowering of the pantothenic acid content of blood 

 has also been observed in deficient animals^^'^ as well as a lowering of creati- 

 nine, total lipids, total cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and free cholesterol. ^^^ 

 Histological examination^®^ may show atrophy of the cells lining the 

 glands of the mucosa, abscess formation, and ulceration of the large intes- 

 tine. Sensory nerve degeneration is also seen.^®^ The dorsal root ganglion 

 cells exhibit chromatolysis. The Nissl bodies become finer and finally dis- 

 solve, leaving a homogeneous ground substance. Loss of myelin of the pe- 

 ripheral nerves and axis cylinder degeneration is also found, as well as cer- 

 es E. H. Hughes and N. R. Ittner, /. Animal Sci. 1, 116 (1942). 



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 Bull. Johns Hopkins Hasp. 73, 313 (1943). 



" N. R. Ellis, L. L. Madsen, and C. O. Miller, J. Animal Sci. 2, 365 (1943). 



" R. H. Follis and M. M. Wintrobe, /. Exptl. Med. 81, 539 (1945). 



e« R. W. Colby, T. J. Cunha, C. E. Lindley, D. R. Cordy, and M. E. Ensminger, 

 /. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 113, 589 (1948). 



" R. W. Luecke, F. Thorp, Jr., W. N. McMillen, and H. W. Dunne, J. Animal Sci. 

 8, 464 (1949). 



«8 R. W. Luecke, W. N. McMillen, and F. Thorp, Jr., J. Animal Sci. 9, 78 (1950). 



68" G. L. Sharma, R. L. Johnston, R. W. Luecke, J. A. Hoefer, M. L. Gray, and F. 

 Thorp, Jr., Am. J. Vet. Research 13, 298 (1952). 



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 Animal Sci. 10, 80 (1951). 



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" Committee on Animal Nutrition, Recommended Nutrient Allowances for Swine, 



National Research Council, Washington, D. C, 1950. 

 "2 W. C. Russell and A. E. Teeri, Federation Proc. 7, 297 (1948). 



