666 PANTOTHENIC ACID 



tain other changes.^^* No changes in the adrenal gland have been noted 



m swine 



163 



The heated diet, used to a great extent in pantothenic acid studies with 

 poultry, has not been used to any great extent with swine. However, Ellis 

 and Madsen'^^ in 1941, showed that incoordination and myelin degeneration 

 developed in animals fed a heated diet. 



In experiments with sows, Hodgskiss et al. in 1950^^^ demonstrated for 

 the first time that pantothenic acid-deficiency signs may develop in the adult 

 animal. Deficient sows showed loss of appetite, reduced water intake, 

 "goose-stepping" with hind legs, diarrhea, and rectal hemorrhages. Repro- 

 duction was abnormal because of death of the fetus. Autopsy of pregnant 

 sows showed macerating fetuses in the uterine horns as well as "hemor- 

 rhagiconecrotic cecocolitis," gastroenteritis, and catarrh of the stomach and 

 small intestine. 



It is of interest that in practical swine feeding there is some evidence that 

 the usual amount of pantothenic acid in corn-soybean oil meal type rations 

 is often not enough to provide for optimal growth. ^^^' ^^*' ^^* This is espe- 

 cially true if the diet is low in protein (less than 15 %) since higher levels of 

 soybean oil meal may protect pigs from a deficiency of pantothenic acid^^" 

 owing either to increased levels of protein or to some other sparing factor. 

 Several reports to the contrary, showing no effect of pantothenic acid in 

 practical rations, have appeared. ^^^° Whether this vitamin should be added 

 to all commercial swine rations of a corn-soybean meal nature can only 

 be answered by further research. 



8. Cattle and Sheep 



Although it is well known that all the B vitamins, including pantothenic 

 acid, are synthesized by the microflora in the rumen of cattle and sheep, 

 it is becoming increasingly evident that dietary sources of the B vitamins 

 are needed in the very young animal before the rumen starts to function. 

 For instance, the newborn calf requires a dietary source of pantothenic 

 acid when fed "synthetic-type" diets, according to Johnson et al. in 1947.^^^ 

 Signs of pantothenic acid deficiency included diarrhea, cessation of growth, 

 weakness of the legs with inability to stand, and decreased urinary levels 



1" H. W. Hodgskiss, M. E. Ensminger, R. W. Colby, and T. J. Cunha, /. Animal Sci. 



9, 619 (1950); M. E. Ensminger, R. W. Colby, and T. C. Cunha, Washington Agr. 



Expt. Sia. Circ. 13i, 1951. 

 1'^ J. E. Briggs and W. M. Beeson, /. Animal Sci. 10, 813 (1951) ; R. W. Luecke, J. A. 



Hoefer, and F. Thorp, Jr., /. Ajiimal Sci. 12, 605 (1953). 

 ''40 D. V. Catron, R. W. Bennison, H. M. Maddock, G. C. Ashton, and P. G. Homeyer, 



/. Animal Sci. 12, 51 (1953). 

 "fi B. C. Johnson, H. H. Mitchell, T. S. Hamilton, and W. B. Nevens, Federation 



Proc. 6, 410 (1947). 



