140 R. CHALMERS ON GLACIATION 
suing a course over the eastern part of the Appalachians. But the correspondence in the 
courses of the striæ along the Notre Dame Range referred to above (see “Geology of 
Canada,” 1863, list of glacial grooves, p. 890, Nos. 123 to 131, and 138), with those on the 
higher levels on the north side of the St. Lawrence, lent countenance to the view of Sir 
William Dawson’s opponents, on the generally accepted supposition that all ice-move- 
ments were from north to south. Moreover, it was also contended by the advocates of 
extreme land glaciation that the supposed ice-mass which, occupied the St. Lawrence 
valley was of sufficient thickness to cause the bottom to move up the valley, while the 
upper portion pursued the course indicated by the striæ just quoted, thus at once 
producing all the phenomena observed. But evidence which I shall adduce in this 
paper, regarding the glaciation of the northern slope of the Notre Dame Mountains, and 
which can probably be applied to the explanation of all glacial phenomena along the 
north-west side of the Green Mountain Range as well, renders 1t now apparent that local 
glaciers moved northward from their summits, or rather from the adjacent watershed, 
into the hydrographical basin of the St. Lawrence. And further, this mountain range 
shed the ice, or snow and ice, which gathered upon it, in both directions; and thus the 
approximate parallelism of the courses of the striæ on the north and south sides, is due 
to the fact that the ice gravitated down the slopes at about right angles to the main axis 
of the chain. This evidence, together with the proofs of a north-west and south-east 
striation on the lower levels, first noted by Sir W. Dawson and already referred to, seems to 
leave little doubt that the mode of glaciation, in the drainage basin of the St. Lawrence 
at least, was by local glaciers descending into it from the north and south, and by drift-ice. 
Before presenting a statement of investigations made on the south side of the Lower 
St. Lawrence during a brief visit to that interesting region in the summer of 1885, I shall 
give a summary of the facts respecting the glaciation of New Brunswick, and more 
especially of the Baie des Chaleurs district. 
From preliminary observations made in that province, it appears that there have been 
two principal ice-movements there during the early Post-Tertiary period. A low water- 
shed traverses it from the extreme north-west, in a south-easterly direction, to the Isthmus 
of Chiegnecto. This watershed has shed the ice which accumulated on the surface of 
the country during the ice age northward and southward, or, speaking more correctly, 
north-eastward and south-eastward, somewhat as it now does the drainage waters, the ice 
on the south side moving towards the depression ovcupied by the Bay of Fundy, while on 
the north it flowed towards the bays and straits connected with the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
The courses of the striæ met with in northern New Brunswick, particularly in the 
Restigouche valley and along the south side of the Baie des Chaleurs, are given in the 
Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Canada for 1885 (Report GG.) They show 
the general trend of the ice-movement to have been about south-eastward in the Upper 
St. John valley, and eastward and north-eastward, in the Baie des Chaleurs basin and 
along the Gulf shore. On the north side of the Baie des Chaleurs, however, the striæ 
have a more southerly bearing, as will be seen from the following sets discovered during 
the summer of 1885:—(1) Near Maguasha Point, course 8. 68° E.' (2) On the east side of 
Nouvelle River, at the upper slope of the valley, in two or more places, viz., (a) at Parker 

' All the bearings in this paper are referred to the true meridian. 
